While system navigation remains a challenge locally, global oncology has moved decisively beyond one-size-fits-all cytotoxic chemotherapy. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy now anchor treatment planning across breast, lung, and colorectal cancers, guided by the molecular and immune features of each tumor rather than its site of origin alone. Outcomes improve when treatment matches biology, and biology is now testable at the point of diagnosis. Benefit is increasingly measured not only in response rates, but in years of survival gained.