Asthma References

Last updated: 03 June 2026
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  1. Balter MS, Bell AD, Kaplan AG, et al. Diagnosis of asthma in adults. CMAJ. 2009 Nov;181(10):E210-E220. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.080006. Accessed 30 Jul 2010. PMID: 19770241
  2. British Thoracic Society, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). SIGN 158: British guideline on the management of asthma: a national clinical guideline. SIGN. http://www.sign.ac.uk. Jun 2009. Accessed 29 Jul 2010.
  3. Ministry of Health (MOH) Singapore. Clinical practice guidelines: management of asthma. Revised Jan 2008. MOH Singapore. http://www.moh.gov.sg. Jan 2008. Accessed 29 Jul 2010.
  4. U.S. Food & Drug Administration (US FDA). FDA safety update: asthma medications. US FDA. http://www.fda.gov/. Nov 2008. Accessed 30 Jul 2010.
  5. U.S. Food & Drug Administration (US FDA). FDA drug safety communication: new safety requirements for long-acting inhaled asthma medications called Long-Acting Beta-Agonists (LABAs). US FDA. http://www.fda.gov/. Feb 2010. Accessed 04 Aug 2010.
  6. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. GINA. http://www.ginasthma.org. Dec 2012. Accessed 19 Feb 2013.
  7. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention. GINA. http://www.ginasthma.org/. May 2026.
  8. Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI). Diagnosis and management of asthma. ICSI. http://www.icsi.org. Jul 2012.
  9. Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI). Health care guidelines: diagnosis and management of asthma. ICSI. http://www.icsi.org. Jun 2010. Accessed 29 Jul 2010.
  10. Chan AWM, Chan JKC, Lee TH, et al. Guidelines for allergy prevention in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Institute of Allergy. http://www.allergy.org.hk. Sep 2015. Accessed 07 Apr 2020.
  11. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Asthma: diagnosis, monitoring and chronic asthma management. NICE. https://www.nice.org.uk. Nov 2017. Accessed 28 Mar 2018.
  12. Liu M. Pathogenesis of asthma. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. May 2016. Accessed 24 Feb 2017.
  13. British Thoracic Society, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. SIGN 158: British guideline on the management of asthma. A national clinical guideline. Revised edition published July 2019. British Thoracic Society. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/. Jul 2019. Accessed 16 Sep 2019.
  14. Fanta CH. Treatment of intermittent and mild persistent asthma in adolescents and adults. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. Sep 2019. Accessed 21 Oct 2019.
  15. Fleischer DM. The impact of breastfeeding on the development of allergic disease. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. Sep 2019. Accessed 21 Oct 2019.
  16. Liu Ah, Spahn JD, Sicherer SH. Childhood asthma. In: Kliegman RM, St Geme JW, Blum NJ, et al, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 21st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Inc; 2020.
  17. Toward Optimized Practice (Alberta). Clinical practice guideline: chronic asthma. Toward Optimized Practice. http://www.topalbertadoctors.org/. Apr 2018. Accessed 21 Oct 2019.
  18. Philippine College of Chest Physicians (PCCP) Council on Asthma. Philippine consensus report on asthma 2009: Diagnosis and management. PCCP. https://philchest.org/. 2009. Accessed 21 Oct 2019.
  19. Sanofi press releases. Dupixent (dupilumab) approved for severe asthma by European Commission. Sanofi. https://www.sanofi.com. 07 May 2019. Accessed 12 Oct 2020.
  20. U.S. Food & Drug Administration. FDA news release. FDA approves first drug to treat group of rare blood disorders in nearly 14 years. US FDA. https://www.fda.gov. 25 Sep 2020. Accessed 12 Oct 2020.
  21. Agache I, Akdis CA, Akdis M, et al. EAACI Biologicals guidelines-recommendations for severe asthma. Allergy. 2021 Jan;76(1):14-44. doi: 10.1111/all.14425. Accessed 03 Feb 2021. PMID: 32484954
  22. Agache I, Lau S, Akdis CA, et al. EAACI Guidelines on allergen immunotherapy: house dust mite-driven allergic asthma. Allergy. 2019 May;74(5):855-873. doi: 10.1111/all.13749. Accessed 03 Feb 2021. PMID: 31095767
  23. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Interim guidance about COVID-19 and asthma. GINA. https://www.ginasthma.org/. 20 Dec 2020. Accessed 03 Feb 2021.
  24. Agency for Care Effectiveness (ACE), Ministry of Health Singapore, Academy of Medicine Singapore, College of Family Physicians Singapore. Asthma optimising long-term management with inhaled corticosteroid. ACE. https://www.ace-hta.gov.sg. 15 Oct 2020. Accessed 18 Feb 2021.
  25. Agache I, Beltran J, Akdis C, et al. Efficacy and safety of treatment with biologicals (benralizumab, dupilumab, mepolizumab, omalizumab and reslizumab) for severe eosinophilic asthma. A systematic review for the EAACI guidelines - recommendations on the use of biologicals in severe asthma. Allergy. 2020 May;75(5):1023-1042. doi: 10.1111/all.14221. Accessed 14 Feb 2022. PMID: 32034960
  26. Corren J, Ambrose CS, Sałapa K, et al. Efficacy of tezepelumab in patients with severe, uncontrolled asthma and perennial allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021 Dec;9(12):4334-4342. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.07.045. PMID: 34358701
  27. McGregor MC, Krings JG, Nair P, et al. Role of biologics in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Feb;199(4):433-445. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201810-1944CI. PMID: 30525902
  28. Menzies-Gow A, Corren J, Bourdin A, et al. Tezepelumab in adults and adolescents with severe, uncontrolled asthma. N Engl J Med. 2021 May;384(19):1800-1809. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2034975. PMID: 33979488
  29. Alvaro-Lozano M, Akdis CA, Akdis M, et al. EAACI allergen immunotherapy in children user’s guide. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2020 May;31(S25):1-101. doi: 10.1111/pai.13189. Accessed 28 May 2022. PMID: 32436290
  30. Tabar AI, Delgado J, Gonzalez-Mancebo E, et al. Recent advances in allergen-specific immunotherapy as treatment for allergic asthma: a practical overview. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2021;182(6):496-514. doi: 10.1159/000513811. PMID: 33631755
  31. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. Updated 2022. GINA. http://www.ginasthma.org. 2022. Accessed 19 May 2022.
  32. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention, 2023. GINA. https://www.ginasthma.org. May 2023. Accessed 10 Jul 2023.
  33. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. GINA. https://www.ginasthma.org. 22 May 2024. Accessed 24 May 2024.
  34. Liu Ah, Covar RA, Spahn JD, et al. Childhood asthma. In: Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 18th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, Elsevier; 2007.
  35. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. GINA. https://www.ginasthma.org. May 2025.
  36. Ministry of Health (MOH) Malaysia. Clinical practice guidelines: management of asthma in adults. MOH Malaysia. http://www.moh.gov.my. 2024.