Jellinger PS, Smith DA, Mehta AE, et al; AACE Task Force for Management of Dyslipidemia and Prevention of Atherosclerosis. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists' guidelines for management of dyslipidemia and prevention of atherosclerosis. Endocr Pract. 2012 Mar-Apr;18(Suppl 1):1-78. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Accessed 4 Sep 2013. PMID: 22522068
Choice of lipid-regulating drugs. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2001 May;43(1105):43-48. PMID: 11378632
American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2011. Diabetes Care. 2011 Jan;34(Suppl 1):S11-S61. PMID: 21193625
Baldassarre D, Franceschini G, Peruzzotti G, et al. Clinical evaluation of probucol in hypercholesterolemia: individual lipoprotein responses and inhibitory effect on carotid atherosclerosis progression. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1997 Dec;30(6):784-789. doi: 10.1097/00005344-199712000-00013. PMID: 9436818
Bhatnagar D, Soran H, Durrington PN. Hypercholesterolaemia and its management. BMJ. 2008 Aug;337:a993. doi: 10.1136/bmj.a993. PMID: 18719012
Bruckert E, Giral P, Tellier P. Perspectives in cholesterol-lowering therapy: the role of ezetimibe, a new selective inhibitor of intestinal cholesterol absorption. Circulation. 2003 Jul;107(25):3124-3128. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000072345.98581.24. PMID: 12835406
Cybulska B, Szostak WB, Podolec P, et al. Polish forum for prevention guidelines on dyslipidemia. Kardiol Pol. 2008 Nov;66(11):1239-1242. PMID: 19105106
Cacoub P, Tocque-Le Gousse E, Fabry C, et al. Application in general practice of treatment guidelines for patients with dyslipidaemia: the RESPECT study. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2008 Nov-Dec;101(11-12):715-721. doi: 10.1016/j.acvd.2008.09.011. PMID: 19059566
Dos Santos JE, Loures-Vale AA, Novazzi JP, et al. Evaluation of efficacy and safety of etofibrate in primary hyperlipidemia. A multicenter study [abstract]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1996 Dec;67(6):419-422. PMID: 9246832
Ferdowsian HR, Barnard ND. Effects of plant-based diets on plasma lipids. Am J Cardiol. 2009 Oct;104(7):947-956. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.05.032. PMID: 19766762
Grundy SM, Cleeman JL, Merz CN, et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation. 2004 Jul;110(2):227-239. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000133317.49796.0E. PMID: 15249516
Gupta EK, Ito MK. Ezetimibe: the first in a novel class of selective cholesterol-absorption inhibitors. Heart Dis. 2002 Nov-Dec;4(6):399-409. doi: 10.1097/00132580-200211000-00011. PMID: 12441019
Jellinger PS, Dickey RA, Ganda OP, et al; AACE Lipid Guidelines Committee. The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. AACE medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia and prevention of atherogenesis. Endocr Pract. 2000 Mar;6(2):162-213. PMID: 11428356
European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, Reiner Z, Catapano AL, et al. ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: the Task Force for the Management of Dyslipidaemias for the European Association Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Eur Heart J. 2011 Jul;32(14):1769-1818. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr158. PMID: 21712404
Reiner Z. Combined therapy in the treatment of dyslipidemia. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2010 Feb;24(1):19-28. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2009.00764.x. PMID: 19682080
The Task Force on Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases: executive summary. Euro Heart J. 2007 Jan;28(1):88-136. http://www.escardio.org. PMID: 17220161
Braunwald E, Zipes DP, Libby P. Risk for atherosclerotic disease. In: Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 6th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 2001:1010-1022.
Academy of Medicine of Malaysia, Ministry of Health of Malaysia. Clinical practice guidelines on dyslipidaemia. 3rd ed. Academy of Medicine of Malaysia. http://www.acadmed.org.my/. Aug 2003.
Ministry of Health (MOH) Singapore. Clinical practice guidelines: lipids. MOH Singapore. http://www.moh.gov.sg. 2006.
National Heart Association of Malaysia, Ministry of Health and the Academy of Medicine Expert Panel. CPG in management of dyslipidaemia. National Heart Association of Malaysia. http://www.malaysianheart.org/. 2011. Accessed 26 Jul 2011.
American Dietetic Association. Disorders of lipid metabolism. Evidence-based nutrition practice guideline (executive summary). Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. http://www.andeal.org/. 2011.
Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI). ICSI health care guideline: lipid management in adults. 10th ed. ICSI. http://www.icsi.org. 2007.
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Lipid modification: cardiovascular risk assessment and the modification of blood lipids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. NICE clinical guideline 67. NICE. http://www.nice.org.uk/. May 2008.
Philippine Heart Association. The clinical practice guidelines for the management of dyslipidemia in the Philippines [executive summary]. Philippine Heart Association. http://www.philheart.org/. Dec 2005.
International Diabetes Federation (IDF). The IDF consensus worldwide definition of the metabolic syndrome. IDF. http://www.idf.org/. Apr 2005.
Berglund L, Brunzell JD, Goldberg AC, et al. Evaluation and treatment of hypertriglyceridemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Sep;97(9):2969-2989. doi: 10.1210/jc.2011-3213. Accessed 04 Sep 2013. PMID: 22962670
Eckel RH, Jakicic JM, Ard JD, et al. 2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014 Jun 24;129(25)(Suppl 2):S76-S99. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000437740.48606.d1. PMID: 24222015
Goff DC Jr, Lloyd-Jones DM, Bennett G, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014 Jun;129(Suppl 2):S49-S73. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000437741.48606.98. PMID: 24222018
Stone NJ, Robinson J, Lichtenstein AH, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2013 Nov;129(25)(Suppl 2):S1-S45. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000437738.63853.7a. Accessed 28 Mar 2014. PMID: 24222016
Safi SZ, Qvist R, Kumar S, et al. Molecular mechanisms of diabetic retinopathy, general preventive strategies, and novel therapeutic targets. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:801269. doi: 10.1155/2014/801269. Accessed 03 May 2016. PMID: 25105142
Ministry of Health Malaysia, Malaysian Society of Ophthalmology and Academy of Medicine Malaysia. Clinical practice guidelines on screening of diabetic retinopathy. Academy of Medicine of Malaysia. http://www.acadmed.org.my. Jun 2011.
Guerrero AE, Gonzalez-Santos LE, Caole-Ang IV, et al. 2015 Updated clinical practice guidelines for the management of dyslipidemia in the Philippines. Philippine Society of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism. http://endo-society.org.ph. 2015. Accessed 03 Aug 2016.
Writing Committee; Lloyd-Jones DM, Morris PB, et al. 2016 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on the role of non-statin therapies for LDL-cholesterol lowering in the management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016 Jul 5;68(1):92-125. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.03.519. Accessed 09 Aug 2016. PMID: 27046161
Jellinger PS, Handelsman Y, Rosenblit PD, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology guidelines for management of dyslipidemia and prevention of atherosclerosis. Endocr Pract. 2017 Apr;23(4):479-497. doi: 10.4158/EP171764.GL. Accessed 23 Mar 2017. PMID: 28156151
Lloyd-Jones DM, Morris PB, Ballantyne CM, et al. 2016 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on the role of non-statin therapies for LDL-cholesterol lowering in the management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology Task Force on clinical expert consensus documents. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016 Jul;68(1):92-125. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.03.519. Accessed 21 Mar 2017. PMID: 27046161
Siscovick DS, Barringer TA, Fretts AM, et al; American Heart Association Nutrition Committee of the Council on Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health; Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; and Council on Clinical Cardiology. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (Fish Oil) supplementation and the prevention of clinical cardiovascular disease: a science advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017 Apr 11;135(15):e867-e884. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000482. Accessed 23 Mar 2017. PMID: 28289069
Catapano AL, Graham I, De Backer G, et al; Authors/Task Force Members; Additional Contributor. 2016 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias. Eur Heart J. 2016 Oct;37(39):2999-3058. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw272. Accessed 23 Mar 2017. PMID: 27567407
Ministry of Health (MOH) Singapore. MOH clinical practice guidelines on lipids. MOH Singapore. https://www.moh.gov.sg. Dec 2016. Accessed 23 Mar 2017.
Rosenson RS. Lipoprotein classification, metabolism, and role in atherosclerosis. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. Jun 2015. Accessed 27 Mar 2017.
Semenkovich CF, Goldberg AC, Goldberg IJ. Disorders of lipid metabolism. In: Melmed S, Polonsky KS, Larsen, PR, et al. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 13th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Inc; 2016:1660-1700.
Vijan S. Screening for lipid disorders in adults. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. Dec 2016. Accessed 27 Mar 2017.
Cheung BM, Cheng CH, Lau CP, et al. 2016 Consensus statement on prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in the Hong Kong population. Hong Kong Med J. 2017 Apr;23(2):191-201. doi: 10.12809/hkmj165045. Accessed 01 Aug 2017. PMID: 28387202
Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 May 15;71(19):e127-e248. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.006. Accessed 16 Nov 2017. PMID: 29146535
Ministry of Health Malaysia, Academy of Medicine Malaysia, National Heart Association of Malaysia. 5th Edition of clinical practice guidelines on management of dyslipidaemia 2017. Academy of Medicine Malaysia. http://www.acadmed.org.my. 2017. Accessed 18 Dec 2017.
American Family Physician. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force screening for lipid disorders in adults: recommendation statement. Am Fam Physician. 2009 Dec 1;80(11):1273-1274. https://www.aafp.org. Accessed 24 Apr 2018
Alshamiri M, Ghanaim MMA, Barter P, et al. Expert opinion on the applicability of dyslipidemia guidelines in Asia and the Middle East. Int J Gen Med. 2018 Jul 18;11:313-322. doi: 10.2147/IJGM.S160555. Accessed 30 Jan 2019. PMID: 30050317
Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019 Jun 25;73(24):3168-3209. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.11.002. Accessed 29 Jan 2019. PMID: 30423391
Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, et al. 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. European Society of Cardiology (ESC). http://www.escardio.org. 31 Aug 2019. Accessed 03 Mar 2023.
Nordestgaard BG, Chapman MJ, Humphries SE, et al. Familial hypercholesterolemia is underdiagnosed and undertreated in the general population: guidance for clinicians to prevent coronary heart disease: consensus statement of the European Atherosclerosis Society. Eur Heart J. 2013 Dec;34(45):3478-3490a. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht273. Accessed 17 Apr 2020. PMID: 23956253
Rosenson RS, Durrington P. Familial hypercholesterolemia in adults: overview. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. Apr 2019. Accessed 17 Apr 2020.
Rosenson RS, Durrington P. Familial hypercholesterolemia in adults: treatment. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. Nov 2019. Accessed 20 Apr 2020.
Handelsman Y, Jellinger PS, Guerin CK, et al. Consensus statement by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology on the management of dyslipidemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease algorithm – 2020 executive summary. Endocr Pract. 2020 Oct;26(10):1196-1224. doi: 10.4158/CS-2020-0490. PMID: 33471721
Rosenson RS. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering with drugs other than statins and PCSK9 inhibitors. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 04 Jan 2021.
The Management of Dyslipidemia for Cardiovascular Risk Reduction Work Group. VA/DoD clinical practice guideline for the management of dyslipidemia for cardiovascular risk reduction. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. https://www.healthquality.va.gov. Jun 2020.
Iqbal Z, Ho JH, Adam S, et al. Managing hyperlipidaemia in patients with COVID-19 and during its pandemic: an expert panel position statement from HEART UK. Atherosclerosis. 2020 Nov;313:126-136. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.09.008. Accessed 18 Jan 2021. PMID: 33045618
Pereira de Moura JMDS, Pacheco Mendes PFAP, Reigota CP, et al. New drugs coming up in the field of lipid control. European Society of Cardiology (ESC). https://www.escardio.org. 16 Dec 2020.
U.S. Food & Drug Administration (US FDA). FDA approves add-on therapy for patients with genetic form of severely high cholesterol. US FDA. https://www.fda.gov. 11 Feb 2021. Accessed 02 Mar 2021.
Gonzalez-Santos LE, Oliva R, Jimeno C, et al. Executive summary of the 2020 clinical practice guidelines for the management of dyslipidemia in the Philippines: 2020 dyslipidemia CPG. Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2021 Mar;36(1):7-13. https://www.asean-endocrinejournal.org. Accessed 22 Mar 2021
Arnett DK, Blumenthal RS, Albert MA, et al. 2019 ACC/AHA guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Circulation. 2019;140(11):e596–e646. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000678. PMID: 30879355
Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Third Report of the National
Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel detection,
evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults
(Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002 Dec 17;106(25):3143-3421. PMID: 12485966
Visseren FLJ, Mach F, Smulders YM, et al; ESC National Cardiac Societies, ESC Scientific Document Group. 2021 ESC guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur Heart J. 2021 Sep 7;42(34):3227-3337. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab484. Accessed 15 Dec 2021. PMID: 34458905
Virani SS, Morris PB, Agarwala A, et al. 2021 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on the management of ASCVD risk reduction in patients with persistent hypertriglyceridemia: a report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021 Aug 31;78(9):960-993. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.06.011. PMID: 34332805
Writing Committee; Lloyd-Jones DM, Morris PB, Ballantyne CM, et al. 2022 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on the role of nonstatin therapies for LDL-cholesterol lowering in the management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022 Aug 23;S0735-1097(22)05594-2. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.07.006. Accessed 01 Sep 2022. PMID: 36031461
American Diabetes Association. Standards of care in diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. 2023 Jan;46(Suppl 1):S1-S280. https://diabetesjournals.org/. Accessed 05 Jun 2023. PMID: 36507639
Aygun S, Tokgozoglu L. Comparison of current international guidelines for the management of dyslipidemia. J Clin Med. 2022 Dec;11(23):7249. doi: 10.3390/jcm11237249. PMID: 36498823
Pearson GJ, Thanassoulis G, Anderson TJ, et al. 2021 Canadian Cardiovascular Society guidelines for the management of dyslipidemia for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults. Can J Cardiol. 2021 Aug;37(8):1129-1150. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2021.03.016. Accessed 10 Jan 2023. PMID: 33781847
Unitslab.com. Apolipoprotein B. Unitslab.com. https://unitslab.com. 2023. Accessed 03 Feb 2023.
National Heart Association of Malaysia (NHAM). Clinical practice guidelines. Management of dyslipidemia 2023. 6th ed. NHAM. https://www.malaysianheart.org. 07 Sep 2023. Accessed 27 Sep 2023.
Huang PH, Lu YW, Tsai YL, et al; Expert committee for the Taiwan Lipid Guidelines for Primary Prevention. 2022 Taiwan lipid guidelines for primary prevention. J Formos Med Assoc. 2022 Dec;121(12):2393-2407. doi: 10.1016/j.jfma.2022.05.010. Accessed 01 Feb 2024. PMID: 35715290
Khatib R, Neely D. Summary of national guidance for lipid management for primary and secondary prevention of CVD. NHS England. https://www.england.nhs.uk. Nov 2022.
Kolber MR, Klarenbach S, Cauchon M, et al. PEER simplified lipid guideline 2023 update. Prevention and management of cardiovascular disease in primary care. Can Fam Physician. 2023 Oct;69(10):675-686. doi: 10.46747/cfp.6910675. PMID: 37833089
Chiesa G, Zenti MG, Baragetti A, et al. Consensus document on lipoprotein(a) from the Italian Society for the Study of Atherosclerosis (SISA). Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2023 Oct;33(10):1866-1877. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2023.07.019. PMID: 37586921
Alhomoud IS, Talasaz A, Mehta A, et al. Role of lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a review of current and emerging therapies. Pharmacotherapy. 2023 Oct;43(10):1051-1063. doi: 10.1002/phar.2851. PMID: 37464942
Langlois MR, Nordestgaard BG, Langsted A, et al. Quantifying atherogenic lipoproteins for lipid-lowering strategies: consensus-based recommendations from EAS and EFLM. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020 Mar 26;58(4):496-517. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2019-1253. PMID: 31855562
Tomlinson B, Chow E. The maximum dose of atorvastatin and simvastatin as well as rosuvastatin should be restricted in East Asians. Hong Kong Med J. 2024;30:184-185. https://doi.org/10.12809/hkmj2311348.
Feingold KR. Cholesterol lowering drugs. National Library of Medicine (NIH). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 12 Feb 2024.
Banach M, Reiner Ž, Surma S, et al. 2024 Recommendations on the optimal use of lipid-lowering therapy in established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and following acute coronary syndromes: a position paper of the International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP). Drugs. 2024 Dec;84(12):1541-1577. doi: 10.1007/s40265-024-02105-5. PMID: 39497020
American Heart Association (AHA). How to get your cholesterol tested. AHA. https://www.heart.org/. 19 Feb 2024.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Testing for cholesterol. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/. 15 May 2024.
Hussain A, Virani SS, Nambi V. Hyperlipidemia. In: Levine GN. Cardiology Secrets, Sixth Edition. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023. https://www.clinicalkey.com/. Accessed 18 Feb 2025:362-370.
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). Blood cholesterol: diagnosis. NHLBI. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/. 18 Apr 2024.
Pappan N, Awosika AO, Rehman A. Dyslipidemia. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan. Accessed 18 Feb 2025.
Patel SB, Wyne KL, Afreen S, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinology clinical practice guideline on pharmacologic management of adults with dyslipidemia. Endocr Pract. 2025 Feb;31(2):236-262. doi: 10.1016/j.eprac.2024.09.016. PMID: 39919851
