Anal Fissure References

Last updated: 09 March 2026
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  1. American Gastroenterological Association. American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: diagnosis and care of patient with anal fissure. Gastroenterology. 2003 Jan;124(1):233-234. PMID: 12512045
  2. Nelson R. Non surgical therapy for anal fissure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003(4):CD003431. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003431.pub3. PMID: 14583976
  3. Madoff RD, Fleshman JW. AGA technical review on the diagnosis and care of patients with anal fissure. Gastroenterology. 2003 Jan;124(1):235-245. PMID: 12512046
  4. Antropoli C, Perroti R, Rubino M, et al. Nifedipine for local use in conservative treatment of anal fissures: preliminary results of a multicenter study [abstract]. Dis Colon Rectum. 1999 Aug;42(8):1011-1015. PMID: 10458123
  5. Perotti P, Bove A, Antropoli C, et al. Topical nifedipine with lidocaine ointment vs active control of treatment of chronic anal fissure: results of a prospective and randomized, double blind study [abstract]. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002 Nov;45(11):1468-1475. PMID: 12432293
  6. Orsay C, Rakinic J, Perry WB, et al. Practice parameters for the management of anal fissures [revised]. Dis Colon Rectum. 2004 Dec;47(12):2003-2007. PMID: 15657647
  7. Feldman M, Friedman LS, Sleisenger MH, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran’s gastrointestinal and liver disease: pathophysiology/diagnosis/management. 7th ed. Pennsylvania: Saunders; 2002
  8. MedWormhttp://www.medworm.com/rss/index.php/Gastroenterology/17/http://www.medworm.com/rss/medicalfeeds/specialities/Gastroenterology.xml
  9. Poritz LS. Anal fissure. Medscape. http://www.emedicine.com. Jun 2004. Accessed 27 Jun 2005.
  10. Breen E, Bleday R. Anal fissure: medical and surgical management. UpToDate. http://www.uptodate.com/. 16 May 2012. Accessed 6 Mar 2014.
  11. Perry WB, Dykes SL, Buie WD, et al; Standards Practice Task Force of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons. Practice parameters for the management of anal fissures (3rd revision). Dis Colon Rectum. 2010 Aug;53(8):1110-1115. doi: 10.1007/DCR.0b013e3181e23dfe. Accessed 06 Mar 2014. PMID: 20628272
  12. Bhatt S, Parmar HD, Vasava N, Shah R. Comparative study of local calcium channel blocker application and lateral internal sphincterotomy in the treatment of chronic anal fissure: study of 50 cases. Int J Med Sci Public Health. 2013;2(2):434-438. doi: 10.5455/ijmsph.2013.2.460-464. Accessed 13 Jun 2014.
  13. Bleday R. Anal fissure: medical management. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 19 May 2024. Accessed 08 Dec 2024.
  14. Stewart DB Sr, Gaertner W, Glasgow S, et al. Clinical guideline for the management of anal fissures. Dis Colon Rectum. 2017 Jan;60(1):7-14. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000000735. Accessed 18 Feb 2019. PMID: 27926552
  15. Cross KLR, Brown SR, Kleijnen J, et al. The Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland guideline on the management of anal fissure. Colorectal Dis. 2023 Dec;25(12):2423-2457. doi: 10.1111/codi.16762. PMID: 37926920
  16. Davids JS, Hawkins AT, Bhama AR, et al. The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons clinical practice guidelines for the management of anal fissures. Dis Colon Rectum. 2023 Feb;66(2):190-199. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000002664. PMID: 36321851
  17. Ellis CN. Anal fissure: surgical management. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 30 May 2023. Accessed 08 Dec 2024.
  18. Stewart DB. Anal fissure: clinical manifestations, diagnosis, prevention. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 30 May 2023. Accessed 08 Dec 2024.
  19. Tarasconi A, Perrone G, Davies J, et al. Anorectal emergencies: WSES-AAST guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2021 Sep;16(1):48. doi: 10.1186/s13017-021-00384-x. PMID: 34530908
  20. Wald A, Bharucha AE, Limketkai B, et al. ACG clinical guidelines: management of benign anorectal disorders. Am J Gastroenterol. 2021 Oct;116(10):1987-2008. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001507. PMID: 34618700
  21. Bleday R. Anal fissure: medical management. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 07 Oct 2025. Accessed 23 Oct 2025.
  22. Ellis CN. Anal fissure: surgical management. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 19 Mar 2025.
  23. Gerbasi L, Ashurst J. Anal fissures. StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. 15 Sep 2025.
  24. Stewart D. Anal fissure: clinical manifestations, diagnosis, prevention. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 19 Mar 2025.
  25. Arnold MJ. Management of anal fissures: guidelines from the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons. Am Fam Physician. 2024;109(2):188-189. https://www.aafp.org.
  26. Lyle V, Young CJ. Anal fissures: an update on treatment options. Aust J Gen Pract. 2024 Jan-Feb;53(1-2):33-35. doi: 10.31128/AJGP/05-23-6843. PMID: 38316476