Bisno AL, Gerber MA, Gwaltney JM, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2002 Jul;35(2):113-125. http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/35/2/113.full.pdf. PMID: 12087516
Snow V, Mottur-Pilson C, Cooper RJ, et al; American Academy of Family Physicians; American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine; Centers for Disease Control. Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for acute pharyngitis in adults. Ann Intern Med. 2002 Mar;134(6):506-508. PMID: 11255529
Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Isselbacher KJ, et al/Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Isselbacher KJ, et al. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 14th ed: McGraw-Hill; 1998
Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Isselbacher KJ, et al. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 14th ed: McGraw-Hill; 1998
Academy of Medicine of Malaysia. Clinical practice guidelines on pneumonia and respiratory tract infections in children. http://www.acadmed.org.my. Oct 2001. Accessed 16 Jul 2010.
Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI). Acute pharyngitis. Bloomington, MN: Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI). https://www.icsi.org/. May 2005
Michigan Quality Improvement Consortium. Acute pharyngitis in children. Southfield, MI: Michigan Quality Improvement Consortium. http://mqic.org/. Jan 2007
Ministry of Health, National Medical Research Council, Chapter of Physicians Academy of Medicine Singapore. Clinical Practice Guidelines: use of antibiotics in adults. MOH (Singapore). http://www.moh.gov.sg/. Apr 2000.
Alberta Clinical Practice Guideline Working Group. Guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of acute pharyngitis. http://www.pemdatabase.org/. Nov 2001.
Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI). Health care guide: acute pharyngitis. Dec 2001
Ministry of Health Malaysia. Management of sore throat. Clinical practice guidelines. http://www.moh.gov.my/. Apr 2003
Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI). Health care guideline: acute pharyngitis. http://www.icsi.org. Dec 2001
Alberta Clinical Practice Guidelines Working Group. Guideline for the diagnosis and management of acute pharyngitis. Toward Optimized Practice. http://www.topalbertadoctors.org/. Jan 2008. Accessed 19 Mar 2014.
Shulman ST, Bisno AL, Clegg HW, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis: 2012 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Nov;55(10):1279-1282. doi: 10.1093/cid/cis847. Accessed 19 Mar 2014. PMID: 23091044
Batra K, Safaya A, Nair D, Capoor M. Sore throat - a review of presentation and etiology. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004 Jan;56(1):14-19. doi: 10.1007/BF02968764. PMID: 23120018
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Group A streptococcal (GAS) disease: pharyngitis (strep throat). CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/. Sep 2016.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Group A streptococcal (GAS) disease: strep throat. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/. Sep 2016.
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Sore throat (acute): antimicrobial prescribing. NICE. http://www.nice.org.uk/. Jan 2018.
Pichichero ME. Treatment and prevention of streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis. UpToDate. http://www.uptodate.com/. Jan 2020. Accessed 05 Nov 2018.
Mitchell RB, Archer SM, Ishman SL, et al. Clinical practice guideline: tonsillectomy in children (update). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019 Feb;160(Suppl 1):S1-S42. doi: 10.1177/0194599818801757. PMID: 30798778
National Heart Foundation of New Zealand. Group A streptococcal sore throat management guideline. 2019 Update. National Heart Foundation of New Zealand. https://www.heartfoundation.org.nz/. 19 Jun 2019.
Busaba N, Doron S. Tonsillectomy in adults: Indications. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. Aug 2020.
ENT UK. Commissioning guide: Tonsillectomy. ENT UK. https://www.entuk.org/. Sep 2016.
ESCMID Sore Throat Guideline Group, Pelucchi C, Grigoryan L, et al. Guideline for the management of acute sore throat. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012 Apr;18(Suppl 1):1-28. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03766.x. PMID: 22432746
Farrer F. OTC treatments for tonsillitis and pharyngitis. Prof Nurs Today. 2018;22(2):8-11. http://www.pntonline.co.za/.
Klein MR. Infections of the oropharynx. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2019 Feb;37(1):69-80. doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2018.09.002. PMID: 30454781
Sasaki CT. Tonsillopharyngitis. MSD Manual Professional Version. https://www.msdmanuals.com/. Nov 2020.
Windfuhr JP, Toepfner N, Steffen G, Waldfahrer F, Berner R. Clinical practice guideline: tonsillitis I. Diagnostics and nonsurgical management. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2016 Apr;273(4):973-987. doi: 10.1007/s00405-015-3872-6. PMID: 26755048
Chow AW. Evaluation of acute pharyngitis in adults. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 21 Sep 2020.
Department of Health (DOH) Philippines. National antibiotic guidelines 2017. DOH. https://www.doh.gov.ph. Nov 2017.
Krüger K, Töpfner N, Berner R, et al. Sore throat. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2021 Mar;118:188-194. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0121. PMID: 33602392
Mustafa Z, Ghaffari M. Diagnostic methods, clinical guidelines, and antibiotic treatment for group A streptococcal pharyngitis: a narrative review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020 Oct;10:563627. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.563627. Accessed 02 Aug 2021. PMID: 33178623
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Rapid tests for group A streptococcal infections in people with sore throat. NICE. https://www.nice.org.uk/. 13 Nov 2019.
Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Management of sore throat and indications for tonsillectomy. SIGN. http://www.sign.ac.uk/. Apr 2010.
Short S, Bashir H, Marshall P, et al; Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI). Diagnosis and treatment of respiratory illness in children and adults. ICSI. http://www.icsi.org/. Sep 2017.
Stead W. Symptomatic treatment of acute pharyngitis in adult. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 13 Feb 2025. Accessed 02 Aug 2021.
The Advisory Group on Antibiotic Stewardship Programme in Primary Care; Chan AMW, Au WWY, Chao DVK, et al. Antibiotic management of acute pharyngitis in primary care. Hong Kong Med J. 2019 Feb;25(1):58-63. doi: 10.12908/hkmj187544. PMID: 30713150
Anderson J, Paterek E. Tonsillitis. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Group A streptococcal (GAS) disease: pharyngitis (strep throat). CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/. Jun 2022.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA). COVID-19 test basics. FDA. https://www.fda.gov/. Jan 2023.
Vincent MT, Celestin N, Hussain AN. Pharyngitis. Am Fam Physician. 2004 Mar;69(6):1465-1470. PMID: 15053411
Woon YL, Hor CP, Hussin N, et al. A two-year review on epidemiology and clinical characteristics of dengue deaths in Malaysia, 2013-2014. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016 May;10(5):e0004575. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004575. PMID: 27203726
Anderson J, Paterek E. Tonsillitis. StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544342/. 08 Aug 2023.
Pichichero M. Treatment and prevention of streptococcal pharyngitis in adults and children. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 25 Mar 2024.
Pellegrino R, Timitilli E, Verga MC, et al; Other members of the Italian Panel for the Management of Acute Pharyngitis in Children. Acute pharyngitis in children and adults: descriptive comparison of current recommendations from national and international guidelines and future perspectives. Eur J Pediatr. 2023 Dec;182(12):5259-5273. doi: 10.1007/s00431-023-05211-w. PMID: 37819417
Abdullah B, Koh KC, Mohamed M, et al. Treatment of Acute Sore Throat in Malaysia: A Consensus of Multidisciplinary Recommendations Using Modified Delphi Methodology. Infect Drug Resist. 2024 Sep;17:4149-4160. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S477038. PMID: 39347494
Chow A, Doron S. Evaluation of acute pharyngitis in adults. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 05 Oct 2023.
Pichichero M. Treatment and prevention of streptococcal pharyngitis in adults and children. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 25 Feb 2025.
Stead W. Symptomatic treatment of acute pharyngitis in adults. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 13 Feb 2025.