Diabetes Mellitus (Pediatric) References

Last updated: 08 May 2026
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  1. American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2008 Jan;31(Suppl 1):S55-S60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. PMID: 18165338
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  4. Rodbard HW, Blonde L, Braithwaite SS, et al; AACE Diabetes Mellitus Clinical Practice Guidelines Task Force. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the management of diabetes mellitus. Endocr Pract. 2007;13(Suppl 1):001-68. PMID: 17613449
  5. Silverstein J, Klingensmith G, Copeland K, et al. Care of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2005 Jan;28(1):186-212. PMID: 15616254
  6. Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents. American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2000 Mar;23(3):381-389. PMID: 10868870
  7. MedWormhttp://www.medworm.com/rss/index.php/Endocrinology/15/http://www.medworm.com/rss/medicalfeeds/specialities/Endocrinology.xml
  8. MedWorm http://www.medworm.com/rss/index.php/Pediatrics/33/ http://www.medworm.com/rss/medicalfeeds/specialities/Pediatrics-News.xml
  9. Australasian Paediatric Endocrine Group for the Department of Health and Ageing. Clinical practice guidelines: Type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications. 2005
  10. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2014. Diabetes Care. 2014 Jan;37(Suppl 1):S14-S80. http://care.diabetesjournals.org. PMID: 24357209
  11. Copeland KC, Silverstein J, Moore KR, et al; American Academy of Pediatrics. Management of newly diagnosed type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2013 Feb;131(2):364-382. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/131/2/364.full.pdf. Accessed 20 Mar 2014. PMID: 23359574
  12. Handelsman Y, Bloomgarden ZT, Grunberger G, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology - clinical practice guidelines for developing a diabetes mellitus comprehensive care plan - 2015. Endocr Pract. 2015 Apr;21(Suppl 1):1-87. doi: 10.4158/EP15672.GL. Accessed 07 Apr 2016. PMID: 25869408
  13. Jackson CC, Albanese-O'Neill A, Butler KL, et al. Diabetes care in the school setting: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2015 Oct;38(10):1958-1963. http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/38/10/1958.full.pdf. Accessed 07 Apr 2016. PMID: 26404925
  14. Ministry of Health Malaysia. Clinical practice guidelines: management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. 5th ed. Ministry of Health Malaysia Web Site. http://www.moh.gov.my/attachments/CPG%20T2DM%202015%20Special%20AFES%20Congress%20Edition.pdf. Dec 2015. Accessed 07 Apr 2016.
  15. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2018. American Diabetes Association. http://care.diabetesjournals.org/. Jan 2018.
  16. Beck J, Greenwood D, Blanton L, et al. 2017 National standards for diabetes self-management education and support. Diabetes Care. 2017 Oct;40:1409-1419. doi: 10.2337/dci17-0025. Accessed 10 Jan 2019. PMID: 28754780
  17. Glaser N. Treatment and complications of diabetic ketoacidosis in children & adolescents. UpToDate. http://www.uptodate.com. Jul 2018. Accessed 10 Jan 2019.
  18. UpToDate. Insulin Aspart: Drug information. UpToDate. http://www.uptodate.com. 2019. Accessed 10 Jan 2019.
  19. UpToDate. Insulin lispro: Pediatric drug information. UpToDate. http://www.uptodate.com. 2019. Accessed 10 Jan 2019.
  20. Laffel L, Svoren B. Management of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. Apr 2018.
  21. Wolfsdorf J, Glaser N, Agus M, et al. ISPAD Clinical practice consensus guidelines 2018: Diabetic ketoacidosis and the hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018 Oct;19(Suppl 27):155-177. doi: 10.1111/pedi.12701. Accessed 10 Jan 2019. PMID: 29900641
  22. Malaysian Endocrine & Metabolic Society (MEMS). Clinical practice guidelines on management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. 6th ed. MEMS. http://www.mems.org.my/. Dec 2020. Accessed 11 Feb 2021.
  23. Abraham MB, Jones TW, Naranjo D, et al. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2018: assessment and management of hypoglycemia in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018 Oct;19(Suppl 27):178-192. doi: 10.1111/pedi.12698. PMID: 29869358
  24. Adolfsson P, Riddell MC, Taplin CE, et al. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2018: exercise in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018 Oct;19(Suppl 27):205-226. doi: 10.1111/pedi.12755. PMID: 30133095
  25. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes – 2022. Diabetes Care. 2022 Jan;45(Suppl 1):S1-S270. https://www.diabetesjournals.org/.
  26. Couper JJ, Haller MJ, Greenbaum CJ, et al. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2018: stages of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018 Oct;19(Suppl 27):20-27. doi: 10.1111/pedi.12734. PMID: 30051639
  27. Danne T, Philip M, Buckingham BA, et al. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2018: insulin treatment in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018 Oct;19(Suppl 27):115-135. doi: 10.1111/pedi.12718. PMID: 29999222
  28. DiMeglio L, Acerini CL, Codner E, et al. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2018: glycemic control targets and glucose monitoring for children, adolescents, and young adults with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018 Oct;19(Suppl 27):105-114. doi: 10.1111/pedi.12737. PMID: 30058221
  29. Laffel L, Svoren B. Management of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 16 Nov 2021.
  30. Levitsky LL, Misra M. Hypoglycemia in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 02 Feb 2022.
  31. Wolfsdorf JI, Glaser N, Agus M, et al. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2018: diabetic ketoacidosis and the hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018 Oct;19(Suppl 27):155-177. doi: 10.1111/pedi.12701. PMID: 29900641
  32. Poddighe D, Abdukhakimova D. Celiac disease in Asia beyond the Middle East and Indian subcontinent: epidemiological burden and diagnostic barriers. World J Gastroenterol. 2021 May 21;27(19):2251-2256. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i19.2251. PMID: 34040319
  33. Dahl A, Kumar S. Recent advances in neonatal diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2020;13:355–364. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S198932. PMID: 32104032
  34. Donaghue KC, Marcovecchio ML, Wadwa RP, et al. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2018: microvascular and macrovascular complications in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018 Oct;19(Suppl 27):262-274. doi: 10.1111/pedi.12742. PMID: 30079595
  35. Abraham MB, Karges B, Dovc K, et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2022: Assessment and management of hypoglycemia in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2022 Dec;23(8):1322-1340. doi: 10.1111/pedi.13443. PMID: 36537534
  36. Adolfsson P, Taplin CE, Zaharieva DP, et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2022: Exercise in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2022 Dec;23(8):1341-1372. doi: 10.1111/pedi.13452. PMID: 36537529
  37. American Diabetes Association. Standards of care in diabetes – 2023. Diabetes Care. 2023 Jan;46(Suppl 1):S1-S292. https://www.diabetesjournals.org/.
  38. Besser REJ, Bell KJ, Couper JJ, et al. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2022: Stages of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes. 2022 Dec;23(8):1175-1187. doi: 10.1111/pedi.13410. PMID: 36177823
  39. Bjornstad P, Dart A, Donaghue KC, et al. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2022: Microvascular and macrovascular complications in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2022 Dec;23(8):1432-1450. doi: 10.1111/pedi.13444. PMID: 36537531
  40. Blonde L, Umpierrez GE, Reddy SS, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a diabetes mellitus comprehensive care plan-2022 update. Endocr Pract. 2022 Oct;28(10):923-1049. doi: 10.1016/j.eprac.2022.08.002. PMID: 35963508
  41. Cengiz E, Danne T, Ahmad T, et al. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2022: Insulin treatment in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2022 Dec;23(8):1277-1296. doi: 10.1111/pedi.13442. PMID: 36537533
  42. Davis J, Fischl AH, Beck J, et al. 2022 National standards for diabetes self-management education and support. Diabetes Care. 2022 Feb;45(2):484-494. doi: 10.2337/dc21-2396. PMID: 35050365
  43. de Bock M, Codner E, Craig ME, et al. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2022: Glycemic targets and glucose monitoring for children, adolescents, and young people with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2022 Dec;23(8):1270-1276. doi: 10.1111/pedi.13455. PMID: 36537523
  44. Glaser N, Fritsch M, Priyambada L, et al. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2022: Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state. Pediatr Diabetes. 2022 Nov;23(7):835-856. doi: 10.1111/pedi.13406. Accessed 23 May 2023. PMID: 36250645
  45. Libman I, Haynes A, Lyons S, et al. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2022: Definition, epidemiology, and classification of diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes. 2022 Dec;23(8):1160-1174. doi: 10.1111/pedi.13454. PMID: 36537527
  46. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Diabetes (type 1 and type 2) in children and young people. NICE. https://www.nice.org.uk/. 11 May 2023.
  47. Shah AS, Zeitler PS, Wong J, et al. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2022: Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes. 2022 Nov;23(7):872-902. doi: 10.1111/pedi.13409. PMID: 36161685
  48. American Diabetes Association. Standards of care in diabetes – 2025. Diabetes Care. 2025 Jan;48(Suppl 1):S1-S352. doi: 10.2337/dc25-in01.
  49. de Bock M, Agwu JC, Deabreu M, et al. International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes clinical practice consensus guidelines 2024: glycemic targets. Horm Res Paediatr. 2024;97(6):546-554. doi: 10.1159/000543266. PMID: 39701064
  50. Laffel L, Svoren B. Management of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 08 Nov 2023.
  51. Levitsky LL, Misra M. Type 1 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents: insulin therapy. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 31 Mar 2025.
  52. Shah AS, Barrientos-Pérez M, Chang N, et al. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2024: type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents. Horm Res Paediatr. 2024;97(6):555-583. doi: 10.1159/000543033. PMID: 39675348
  53. Tauschmann M, Cardona-Hernandez R, DeSalvo DJ, et al. International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes clinical practice consensus guidelines 2024 diabetes technologies: glucose monitoring. Horm Res Paediatr. 2024;97(6):615-635. doi: 10.1159/000543156. PMID: 39884260
  54. American Diabetes Association. Standards of care in diabetes - 2026. Diabetes Care. 2026 Jan;49(Suppl 1):S1-S377. https://diabetesjournals.org/.