Ministry of Health Malaysia, Malaysian Society of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academy of Medicine Malaysia. Clinical practice guidelines: management of non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Academy of Medicine Malaysia. http://www.acadmed.org.my. Apr 2003.
Sollano JD, Daez MLO, Dee GA, et al. Philippine consensus statements on the management of non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: 2012. Philippine Journal of Internal Medicine. 2012 Jul-Sep;50(3):1-13. http://www.pcp.org.ph. Accessed 20 Nov 2013
Siau K, Chapman W, Sharma N, et al. Management of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding: an update for the general physician. J R Coll Physicians Edinb. 2017 Sep;47(3):218-230. doi: 10.4997/JRCPE.2017.303. Accessed 20 Nov 2018. PMID: 29465096
Vakil NB. Peptic ulcer disease: clinical manifestations and diagnosis. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 19 Jul 2022. Accessed 28 Sep 2020.
Vakil NB. Peptic ulcer disease: epidemiology, etiology, and pathogenesis. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 20 Jul 2022. Accessed 28 Sep 2020.
Vakil NB. Peptic ulcer disease: management. UpToDate. http://www.uptodate.com. 05 Sep 2017. Accessed 20 Nov 2018.
Wolfe MM. Proton pump inhibitors: overview of use and adverse effects in the treatment of acid related disorders. UpToDate. http://www.uptodate.com. 29 Nov 2017. Accessed 20 Nov 2018.
Barkun AN, Almadi M, Kuipers EJ, et al. Management of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: guideline recommendations from the International Consensus Group. Ann Intern Med. 2019 Dec;171(11):805-822. doi: 10.7326/M19-1795. Accessed 29 Sep 2020. PMID: 31634917
Kavitt RT, Lipowska AM, Anyane-Yeboa A, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of peptic ulcer disease. Am J Med. 2019 Apr;132(4):447-456. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2018.12.009. Accessed 24 Sep 2020. PMID: 30611829
Kuna L, Jakab J, Smolic R, et al. Peptic ulcer disease: a brief review of conventional therapy and herbal treatment options. J Clin Med. 2019 Feb;8(2):179. doi: 10.3390/jcm8020179. Accessed 29 Sep 2020. PMID: 30717467
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Gastro-esophageal reflux disease and dyspepsia in adults: investigation and management. NICE. https://www.nice.org.uk/. 21 Oct 2019. Accessed 28 Sep 2020.
Tarasconi A, Coccolini F, Biffl WL, et al. Perforated and bleeding peptic ulcers: WSES guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Jan;15:3. doi: 10.1186/s13017-019-0283-9. Accessed 28 Sep 2020. PMID: 31921329
Vakil NB. Antiulcer medications: mechanism of action, pharmacology, and side effects. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 13 Apr 2020. Accessed 02 Oct 2020.
Vakil NB. Peptic ulcer disease: treatment and secondary prevention. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 08 Aug 2022. Accessed 28 Sep 2020.
Ferzoco SJ, Ashley SW. Surgical management of peptic ulcer disease. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 04 Aug 2022. Accessed 28 Sep 2020.
Malik T, Gnanapandithan K, Singh K. Peptic ulcer disease. StatPearls. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Jan 2023.
Vakil NB. Overview of complications of peptic ulcer disease. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 06 Sep 2022.
Patel DS. Peptic ulcer disease. Familydoctor.org. https://familydoctor.org. Jan 2021.
Stern E, Sugumar K, Journey JD. Peptic ulcer perforated. StatPearls (Internet). Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan. Accessed 21 Aug 2023.
Woolf A, Rehman RB, Rose R. Gastric ulcer. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 19 Apr 2022.
Almadi MA, Lu Y, Alali AA, et al. Peptic ulcer disease. Lancet. 2024 Jul 6;404(10447):68-81. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00155-7. PMID: 38885678
Vincent K. Gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. In: Kellerman RD, Heidelbaugh JJ, Lee EM, eds. Conn's Current Therapy 2025. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2025. 232-235. :232-235.
Lau ISF, Chan FKL, Lau JYW. Peptic ulcer disease. In: Chung RT, Rubin DT, Wilcox CM, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 12th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2026. https://www.clinicalkey.com. :882-896.e4.
