Overview
Dyspepsia refers to the pain or discomfort centered in the
upper abdomen, as stated in the Introduction
section.
The global prevalence of functional dyspepsia is 5-11%, with
the prevalence of uninvestigated dyspepsia and functional dyspepsia at 5-30% in
Asian countries. A detailed discussion about the prevalence of dyspepsia is in
the Epidemiology section.
Discussion on the possible causes of dyspeptic symptoms is in
the Etiology section.
The Pathophysiology section explains the difference between a microscopic
physiologic mechanism and a macroscopic physiologic mechanism in the
developmental process of dyspepsia.
Dyspepsia_Disease SummaryHistory and Physical Examination
The Clinical Presentation section describes the signs and symptoms of
dyspepsia, according to whether they are ulcer-like, reflux-like, or
dysmotility-like.
The History section lists the key information that should
be obtained when evaluating a patient with dyspepsia. The physical exams that
may help to diagnose or exclude other diseases are in the Physical Examination
section.
Diagnosis
The Diagnosis or
Diagnostic Criteria section
features the different subtypes of functional dyspepsia. The Rome IV Diagnostic
Criteria for functional dyspepsia and its subtypes, refractory and
postinfection functional dyspepsia are also discussed in this section.
Enumeration of alarm symptoms that should be recognized and
may warrant immediate referral is in the Screening section.
Discussion on diagnostic tests that may be performed to exclude
organic causes and identify alarm features in dyspepsia is in the Laboratory Tests and Ancillaries section.
The Imaging section
explains the use of diagnostic tests to rule out other causes of dyspeptic
symptoms. Upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy is also discussed in this
section.
Other conditions that should be ruled out in the diagnosis
of dyspepsia are listed in the Differential
Diagnosis section.
Management
Clinical management decisions in patients with dyspepsia are
discussed in the Evaluation
section.
General therapy principles and therapeutic goals in patients
with dyspepsia are discussed in the Principles
of Therapy section.
The Pharmacological
Therapy section discusses in detail the options for empiric
therapy and other therapies for dyspepsia as well as the duration of the
therapy.
The Nonpharmacological section includes lifestyle modification,
behavioral therapies, and things to educate the patient about the management of
dyspepsia.
The Monitoring
section identifies indications for follow-up in patients treated for dyspepsia.
This section also discusses the clinical basis for referring patients with
dyspepsia to specialists.
