Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV-Infected Adults References

Last updated: 18 August 2025
  1. Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1- selected adults and adolescents. Department of Health and Human Services. AIDSInfo. https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/. Accessed 2 Jun 2015.
  2. Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-selected adults and adolescents. Department of Health and Human Services. AIDSInfo. https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/. 28 Jan 2016. Accessed 29 Mar 2016.
  3. European AIDS Clinical Society. European Guidelines for treatment of HIV-positive adults in Europe. Version 8.2. European AIDS Clinical Society. http://www.eacsociety.org/. Jan 2017.
  4. Fletcher CV. Overview of antiretroviral agents used to treat HIV. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. Aug 2017. Accessed 08 Sep 2017.
  5. Günthard HF, Saag MS, Benson CA, et al. Antiretroviral drugs for treatment and prevention of HIV infection in adults: 2016 recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA Panel. JAMA. 2016 Jul;316(2):191-210. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.8900. PMID: 27404187
  6. Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-selected adults and adolescents. Department of Health and Human Services. AIDSInfo. https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/. 2017.
  7. World Health Organization. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and care for key populations. 2016 update. WHO. http://www.who.int/. 2016.
  8. British HIV Association (BHIVA). BHIVA guidelines on antiretroviral treatment for adults living with HIV-1 2022. HIV Med. 2022 Oct;23(Suppl 3):3-14. doi: 10.1111/hiv.13399. PMID: 36192083
  9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). HIV infection: detection, counseling, and referral. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov. 22 Jul 2022.
  10. Cormier AK, Liebenstein TK, Westergaard RP. Human immunodeficiency virus: treatment and prevention. In: Kellerman RD, Rakel DP. Conn's Current Therapy. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Inc; 2022:584-596.
  11. European AIDS Clinical Society (EACS). EACS guidelines version 11.0. EACS. https://www.eacsociety.org. Oct 2021.
  12. Fletcher CV. Overview of antiretroviral agents used to treat HIV. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 06 Apr 2022.
  13. Hansoti B. HIV. Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 10th. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Inc; 2023:1641-1653.e1.
  14. HIV/STI/Hepatitis C Section of Ministry of Health Malaysia. Global AIDS monitoring - Malaysia HIV/AIDS progress report. Ministry of Health Malaysia. https://www.moh.gov.my/. 2020.
  15. Saag MS, Gandhi RT, Hoy JF, et al. Antiretroviral drugs for treatment and prevention of HIV infection in adults: 2020 recommendations of the International Antiviral Society – USA Panel. JAMA. 2020 Oct;324(16):1651-1669. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.17025. PMID: 33052386
  16. Sax PE. Selecting antiretroviral regimens for treatment-naïve persons with HIV-1: general approach. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 09 Mar 2022.
  17. Sax PE. When to initiate antiretroviral therapy in persons with HIV. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 30 Mar 2022.
  18. Special Preventive Programme, Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health. Special Preventive Programme, Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health. Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health. https://www.chp.gov.hk/. Dec 2021.
  19. Thompson MA, Horberg MA, Agwu AL, et al. Primary care guidance for persons with human immunodeficiency virus: 2020 update by the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Dec;73(11):e3572-e3605. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1391. PMID: 33225349
  20. UNAIDS. Country factsheets. UNAIDS. https://www.unaids.org/. 2021.
  21. World Health Organization (WHO). Key facts: HIV. WHO. https://www.who.int/. Jul 2022.
  22. Malaysian Society for HIV Medicine (MASHM) . Malaysian consensus guidelines on antiretroviral therapy 2022. MASHM. https://www.mashm.net/. 2022.
  23. Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in adults and adolescents with HIV. Department of Health and Human Services. https://cliinicalinfo.hiv.gov/. 27 Feb 2024.
  24. Rathbun RC. Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection. Medscape. https://emedicine.medscape.com/. 04 Jan 2024.
  25. Gandhi RT, Landovitz RJ, Sax PE, et al. Antiretroviral drugs for treatment and prevention of HIV in adults: 2024 recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA Panel. JAMA. 2025 Feb;333(7):609-628. doi: 10.1001/jama.2024.24543. PMID: 39616604
  26. Horberg M, Thompson M, Agwu A, et al. Primary care guidance for providers of care for persons with Human Immunodeficiency Virus: 2024 update by the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2024 Oct:ciae479. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciae479. PMID: 39393187