Hepatitis A & E References

Last updated: 16 July 2026
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  1. Lim SG, Aghemo A, Chen PJ, et al. Management of hepatitis C virus infection in the Asia-Pacific region: an update. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Jan;2(1):52-62. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(16)30080-2. PMID: 28404015
  2. Petruzziello A, Marigliano S, Loquercio G, et al. Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection: an up-date of the distribution and circulation of hepatitis C virus genotypes. World J Gastroenterol. 2016 Sep 14;22(34):7824-7840. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i34.7824. PMID: 27678366
  3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Adult immunization schedule. Recommended immunization schedule for adults aged 19 years or older, by vaccine and age group, United States, 2017. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/. 06 Feb 2017. Accessed 05 Oct 2017.
  4. British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (BCCDC). Communicable disease control: hepatitis A. BCCDC. http://www.bccdc.ca/. Dec 2018. Accessed 21 Oct 2020.
  5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Viral hepatitis: hepatitis A. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/. Jul 2020. Accessed 21 Oct 2020.
  6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Viral hepatitis: hepatitis E. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/. Sep 2020. Accessed 21 Oct 2020.
  7. Doshani M, Weng M, Moore KL, et al. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for use of hepatitis A vaccine for persons experiencing homelessness. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019 Feb;68(6):153-156. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6806a6. Accessed 21 Oct 2020. PMID: 30763295
  8. European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL). EASL clinical practice guidelines on hepatitis E virus infection. J Hepatol. 2018 Jun;68(6):1256-1271. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.005. Accessed 21 Oct 2020. PMID: 29609832
  9. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Hepatitis E. ECDC. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/. Jun 2017. Accessed 21 Oct 2020.
  10. Nelson NP, Link-Gelles R, Hofmeister MG, et al. Update: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for use of hepatitis A vaccine for postexposure prophylaxis and for preexposure prophylaxis for international travel. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018 Nov;67(43):1216-1220. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6743a5. Accessed 21 Oct 2020. PMID: 30383742
  11. Nelson NP, Weng MK, Hofmeister MG, et al. Prevention of hepatitis A virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2020. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2020 Jul;69(5):1-38. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.rr6905a1. Accessed 21 Oct 2020. PMID: 32614811
  12. World Health Organization (WHO). Hepatitis E. WHO. https://apps.who.int/. 20 Jul 2023. Accessed 15 Dec 2022.
  13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Clinical care of hepatitis A. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/. 21 Jan 2025.
  14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Traveler’s Health. Hepatitis A. CDC. http://www.gov/. 31 Jan 2025. Accessed 07 Apr 2025.
  15. Chopra S, Lai M. Hepatitis A virus infection: treatment and prevention. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 23 May 2024. Accessed 07 Apr 2025.
  16. Gu T, Zeng CY, Deng YQ, et al. Systematic evaluation of guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis E infection. J Clin Transl Hepatol. 2024 Aug;12(8):739-749. doi: 10.14218/JCTH.2023.00508. PMID: 39130619
  17. Lai M, Chopra S. Hepatitis A virus infection in adults: epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 12 Dec 2024.
  18. Sherman KE. Hepatitis E virus infection. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 09 Aug 2023.
  19. UK Health Security Agency. Hepatitis A. GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/. 12 Jan 2024.
  20. World Health Organization (WHO). Hepatitis A. WHO. https://www.who.int/. 15 Feb 2025. Accessed 07 Apr 2025.
  21. Hofmeister M, Khudyakov Y. Hepatitis A virus. In: Blaser MJ, Cohen JI, Holland SM, et al, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2026. https://www.clinicalkey.com. :2215-2232.e7.
  22. Tang LSY, Kottilil S. Viral hepatitis. In: Blaser MJ, Cohen JI, Holland SM, et al, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2026. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed 16 Mar 2026:1484-1488.e2.
  23. Trivedi HD, Chopra S. Hepatitis E virus. In: Blaser MJ, Cohen JI, Holland SM, et al, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2026. https://www.clinicalkey.com. :2250-2256.e2.