Keloids and Hypertrophic Scars References

Last updated: 20 January 2026
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  9. Leong M, Murphy KD, Philips LG. Wound healing. In: Townsend CM, Beauchamp DR, Evers MB, Mattox, KL, eds. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 12th. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, Inc; 2017:141-143.
  10. Lorenz P, Sina Bari A. Scar prevention, treatment and revision. In: Neligan PC ed. Plastic Surgery. 3rd. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Inc; 2013. 297-318. :297-318.
  11. Meaume S, Le Pillouer-Prost A, Richert B, Roseeuw D, Vadoud J. Management of scars: updated practical guidelines and use of silicones. Eur J Dermatol. 2014 Jul;24(4):435-443. doi: 10.1684/ejd.2014.2356. PMID: 25141160
  12. Monstrey S, Middelkoop E, Vranckx JJ, et al. Updated scar management practical guidelines: non-invasive and invasive measures. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2014 Aug;67(8):1017-1025. doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2014.04.011. Accessed 20 Jul 2016. PMID: 24888226
  13. Nast A, Eming S, Fluhr J, et al; German Society of Dermatology. German S2k guidelines for the therapy of pathological scars (hypertrophic scars and keloids). J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2012 Oct;10(10):747-762. doi: 10.1111/j.1610-0387.2012.08012.x. PMID: 22937806
  14. Viera MH, Amini S, Valins W, et al. Innovative therapies in the treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scars. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2010 May;3(5):20-26. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2922716. PMID: 20725565
  15. Yun IS, Yoo HS, Kim Yo, et al. Improved scar appearance with combined use of silicone gel and vitamin C for Asian patients: a comparative case series. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2013 Dec;37(6):1176-1181. doi: 10.1007/s00266-013-0210-5. PMID: 24091488
  16. Khansa I, Harrison B, Janis JE. Evidence-based scar management: How to improve results with technique and technology. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016 Sep;138(Suppl 3):165S-1678S. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000002647. PMID: 27556757
  17. Telang PS. Vitamin C in dermatology. Indian Dermatol Online. 2013 Apr;4(2):143-146. doi: 10.4103/2229-5178.110593. PMID: 23741676
  18. McLaughlin J, Branski LK, Norbury WB, et al. Laser for burn scar treatment. In: Herndon DN. Total burn care. 5th: Elsevier Inc.; 2018:648-654.
  19. Hultman CS, Yoshida S. Laser therapy for hypertrophic scars and keloids. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 04 Dec 2023.
  20. Gauglitz G. Hypertrophic scarring and keloids following burn injuries. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 09 Aug 2023.
  21. Kim SW. Management of keloid scars: Noninvasive and invasive treatments. Arch Plast Surg. 2021 Mar;48(2):149-157. doi: 10.5999/aps.2020.01914. PMID: 33765731
  22. Ogawa R. Keloids and hypertrophic scars. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 01 May 2024. Accessed 18 Dec 2023.
  23. Ogawa R. The most current algorithms for the treatment and prevention of hypertrophic scars and keloids: A 2020 update of the algorithms published 10 years ago. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2022 Jan;149(1):79e-94e. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000008667. Accessed 18 Dec 2023
  24. Bailey J, Schwehr M, Beattie A. Management of keloids and hypertrophic scars. Am Fam Physician. 2024 Dec;110(6):605-611. PMID: 39700364
  25. Feng S, Chen L, Jiang B, et al. Tranilast inhibits cell proliferation, migration and invasion of human hypertrophic scar fibroblasts by NOP2-mediated m5C methylation on COL1A1. Tissue Cell. 2025 Nov;99:103220. doi: 10.1016/j.tice.2025.103220. PMID: 41260007
  26. McGinty S, Siddiqui WJ. Keloid. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan.