Hepatitis B References

Last updated: 16 July 2026
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  1. Liaw YF, Kao JH, Piratvisuth T, et al. Asian-Pacific consensus statement on the management of chronic hepatitis B: a 2012 update. Hepatol Int. 2012 Jun;6(3):531-561
  2. Ministry of Health (MOH) Singapore, Gastroenterological Society of Singapore, National Medical Research Council. Clinical practice guidelines: chronic hepatitis B infection. MOH Singapore. http//www.moh.gov.sg. Mar 2003.
  3. Negro F, Lok ASF. Treatment and prevention of hepatitis D virus infection. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 18 Oct 2023. Accessed 03 Aug 2012.
  4. Hepatology Society of the Philippines (HSP). 2014 HSP consensus statements on the management of chronic hepatitis B. HSP. http://www.liverphil.org/. 2014.
  5. Workowski KA, Bolan GA. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015 Jun 5;64(RR-03):1-137. http://www.cdc.gov/. Accessed 08 Jul 2015. PMID: 26042815
  6. Sarin SK, Kumar M, Lau GK, et al. Asian-Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatitis B: a 2015 update. Hepatol Int. 2016 Jan;10(1):1-98. doi: 10.1007/s12072-015-9675-4. Accessed 05 Aug 2016. PMID: 26563120
  7. Korean Association for the Study of the Liver (KASL). KASL clinical practice guidelines: management of chronic hepatitis B. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2016 Mar;22(1):18-75. doi: 10.3350/cmh.2016.22.1.18. PMID: 27044762
  8. Terrault NA, BzowejNH, Chang KM, et al. American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) guidelines for treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2016 Jan;63(1):261-283. doi: 10.1002/hep.28156. Accessed 12 Sep 2017. PMID: 26566064
  9. Lim SG, Aghemo A, Chen PJ, et al. Management of hepatitis C virus infection in the Asia-Pacific region: an update. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Jan;2(1):52-62. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(16)30080-2. PMID: 28404015
  10. Petruzziello A, Marigliano S, Loquercio G, et al. Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection: an up-date of the distribution and circulation of hepatitis C virus genotypes. World J Gastroenterol. 2016 Sep 14;22(34):7824-7840. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i34.7824. PMID: 27678366
  11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Adult immunization schedule. Recommended immunization schedule for adults aged 19 years or older, by vaccine and age group, United States, 2017. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/. 06 Feb 2017. Accessed 05 Oct 2017.
  12. European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL). EASL clinical practice guidelines: liver transplantation. J Hepatol. 2016 Feb;64(2):433-485. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.10.006. Accessed 05 Oct 2017. PMID: 26597456
  13. Terrault NA, Lok ASF, McMahon BJ, et al. Update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B: AASLD 2018 hepatitis B guidance. Hepatology. 2018 Apr;67(4):1560-1599. doi: 10.1002/hep.29800. Accessed 20 Nov 2018. PMID: 29405329
  14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Viral hepatitis: hepatitis D. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/. Mar 2020. Accessed 4 Nov 2020.
  15. Ministry of Health (MOH) Malaysia. National strategic plan for hepatitis B and C: Malaysia 2019-2023. MOH Malaysia. https://www.moh.gov.my/. 2019. Accessed 04 Nov 2020.
  16. Schillie S, Vellozzi C, Reingold A, et al. Prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2018 Jan;67(1):1-31. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.rr6701a1. Accessed 04 Nov 2020. PMID: 29939980
  17. Wilkins T, Sams R, Carpenter M. Hepatitis B: Screening, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Am Fam Physician. 2019 Mar;99(5):314-323. Accessed 04 Nov 2020. PMID: 30811163
  18. World Health Organization (WHO). Hepatitis B. WHO. https://apps.who.int/. Jul 2020. Accessed 04 Nov 2020.
  19. World Health Organization (WHO). Hepatitis D. WHO. https://apps.who.int/. Jul 2020. Accessed 04 Nov 2020.
  20. Fort GG. Hepatitis B. In: Ferri FF. Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2023. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, Inc; 2023:729-732.e1.
  21. Kumar M, Abbas Z, Azami M, et al. Asian Pacific association for the study of liver (APASL) guidelines: hepatitis B virus in pregnancy. Hepatol Int. 2022 Apr;16(2):211-253. doi: 10.1007/s12072-021-10285-5. Accessed 4 Jan 2023. PMID: 35113359
  22. Lok AS. Hepatitis B virus: Overview of management. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. Jul 2021.
  23. Tripathi N, Mousa OY. Hepatitis B. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan.
  24. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for hepatitis B virus infection in adolescents and adults: recommendation statement. Am Fam Physician. 2021 Apr;103(8):495-501. Accessed 04 Jan 2023. PMID: 33856166
  25. Wang G, Duan Z. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of chronic hepatitis B. J Clin Transl Hepatol. 2021 Oct;9(5):769-791. doi: 10.14218/JCTH.2021.00209. Accessed 4 Jan 2023. PMID: 34722192
  26. Weng MK, Doshani M, Khan MA, et al. Universal hepatitis B vaccination in adults aged 19-59 years: updated recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices - United States, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022 Apr;71(13):477-483. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7113a1. Accessed 4 Jan 2023. PMID: 35358162
  27. World Health Organization (WHO). Consolidated guidelines on HIV, viral hepatitis and STI prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care for key populations [Internet]. WHO. https://www.who.int/. 2022. Accessed 4 Jan 2023.
  28. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Hepatitis B (chronic): diagnosis and management. NICE. https://www.nice.org.uk/. 26 Jun 2013.
  29. Zekry A, Bensted K. Natural history of hepatitis B virus infection. Australasian Society for HIV, Viral Hepatitis and Sexual Health Medicine. https://ashm.org.au/. 2022.
  30. Ministry of Health (MOH) Malaysia and Academy of Medicine Malaysia. Clinical practice guidelines: management of chronic hepatitis B in adults. MOH Malaysia. https://www.moh.gov.my. 2022.
  31. European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL). EASL clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol. 2025 May;S0168-8278(25):00174-00256. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2025.03.018. Accessed 25 Jun 2025. PMID: 40348683
  32. World Health Organization (WHO). Guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, care and treatment for people with chronic hepatitis B infection. WHO. https://www.who.int/. Mar 2024.
  33. Ghany MG, Pan CQ, Lok AS, et al. AASLD ISDA practice guideline on treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2025 Nov 4. doi: 10.1097/HEP.0000000000001549. PMID: 41186418
  34. Liaw YF, Chu CM. Hepatitis B virus infection. Lancet. 2009 Feb 14;373(9663):582-592. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60207-5. PMID: 19217993
  35. Lok AS. Hepatitis B virus: screening and diagnosis. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. Jun 2022.