Osteoporosis References

Last updated: 29 September 2025
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  1. Dell RM, Greene D, Anderson D, et al. Osteoporosis disease management: what every orthopaedic surgeon should know. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009 Nov;91(Suppl 6):79-86. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.I.00521. PMID: 19884415
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  9. The Hong Kong College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (HKCOG). Guidelines for the administration of hormone replacement therapy. Number 2. HKCOG. Jan 2003. https://hkcog.org.hk.
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  12. MedWormhttp://www.medworm.com/rss/index.php/Endocrinology/15/http://www.medworm.com/rss/medicalfeeds/specialities/Endocrinology.xml
  13. MedWormhttp://www.medworm.com/rss/index.php/OBGYN/29/http://www.medworm.com/rss/medicalfeeds/specialities/OBGYN.xml
  14. Finkelstein JS. Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and evaluation of osteoporosis in men. UpToDate. http://www.uptodate.com/. 2010. Accessed 11 Jan 2011.
  15. Ministry of Health (MOH) Singapore. Clinical practice guidelines: osteoporosis. MOH Singapore. http://www.moh.gov.sg. 2008. Accessed 26 May 2010.
  16. National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF). Clinician's guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. NOF. http://nof.org/. 2013.
  17. Schnitzer TJ. Diagnosis and treatment for osteoporosis: current status and expectations for the new millennium. Medscape. http://www.medscape.com/. Dec 2001.
  18. Finkelstein JS. Diagnosis and evaluation of osteoporosis in men. UpToDate. http://www.uptodate.com/. 2010. Accessed 11 Jan 2011.
  19. National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF). Foundation for Osteoporosis Research and Education: osteoporosis guidelines for the physician. 4th ed. NOF. http://www.nof.org. 2002.
  20. National Osteoporosis Guideline Group and the International Osteoporosis Foundation. Guidelines in practice. The University of Sheffield. http://shef.ac.uk/. 2009. Accessed 28 Sep 2011.
  21. Reginster JY. New agents for the treatment of osteoporosis. Medscape. http://www.medscape.com. Jan 2003.
  22. Watts NB, Adler RA, Bilezikian JP, et al. Osteoporosis in men: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Jun;97(6):1802-1822. doi: 10.1210/jc.2011-3045. PMID: 22675062
  23. OSHK Task Group for Formulation of 2013 OSHK Guideline for Clinical Management of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis in Hong Kong, Ip I, Cheung SK, Cheung TC, et al; Osteoporosis Society of Hong Kong. The Osteoporosis Society of Hong Kong (OSHK): 2013 OSHK guideline for clinical management of postmenopausal osteoporosis in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Med J. 2013 Apr;19(Suppl 2):1-40. http://www.hkmj.org. Accessed 22 May 2014. PMID: 23535738
  24. Li-Yu J, Perez EC, Canete A, et al; Osteoporosis Society of the Philippines Foundation Inc, Philippine Orthopedic Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Task Force Committee on Osteoporosis. Summary of the consensus statements on osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and treatment in the Philippines. Journal of ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies. http://www.asean-endocrinejournal.org/. 2012.
  25. Qaseem A, Forciea MA, McLean RM, et al; Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Treatment of low bone density or osteoporosis to prevent fractures in men and women; a clinical practice guideline update from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2017 Jun 6;166(11):818-839. doi: 10.7326/M15-1361. Accessed 08 Jan 2019. PMID: 28492856
  26. Hauk L. Treatment of low BMD and osteoporosis to prevent fractures: updated guideline from the ACP. Am Fam Physician. 2018 Mar 1;97(5):352-353. https://www.aafp.org. Accessed 07 Jan 2019. PMID: 29671503
  27. Adler RA, El-Hajj Fuleihan G, Bauer DC, et al. Managing osteoporosis in patients on long-term bisphosphonate treatment: report of a Task Force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. J Bone Miner Res. 2016 Jan;31(1):16-35. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.2708. Accessed 6 Dec 2016. PMID: 26350171
  28. Jeremiah MP, Unwin BK, Greenawald MH, et al. Diagnosis and management of osteoporosis. Am Fam Physician. 2015 Aug;92(4):261-268. http://www.aafp.org. Accessed 6 Dec 2016. PMID: 26280231
  29. Cosman F, de Beur SJ, LeBoff MS, et al. Clinician’s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2014 Oct;25(10):2359-2381. doi: 10.1007/s00198-014-2794-2. Accessed 2 Oct 2014. PMID: 25182228
  30. Tu KN, Lie JD, Wan CKV, et al. Osteoporosis: a review of treatment options. P T. 2018 Feb;43(2):92-104. Accessed 07 Jan 2019. PMID: 29386866
  31. Finkelstein JS, Yu EW. Treatment of osteoporosis in men. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. Dec 2018. Accessed 07 Jan 2019.
  32. Rosen HN. Selective estrogen receptor modulators for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. Dec 2018. Accessed 07 Jan 2019.
  33. Rosen HN, Drezner MK. Overview of the management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. Dec 2018. Accessed 07 Jan 2019.
  34. Papaioannou A, Morin S, Cheung AM, et al. 2010 Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in Canada: summary. CMAJ. 2010 Nov;182(17):1864-1873. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.100771. PMID: 20940232
  35. Eastell R, Rosen CJ, Black DM, et al. Pharmacological management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019 May;104(5):1595-1622. doi: 10.1210/jc.2019-00221. Accessed 23 May 2019. PMID: 30907953
  36. Shoback D, Rosen CJ, Black DM, et al. Pharmacological management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: an Endocrine Society guideline update. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Mar 1;105(3):dgaa048. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa048. Accessed 17 Mar 2020. PMID: 32068863
  37. Bethel M. Osteoporosis. Medscape. https://emedicine.medscape.com. 26 Sep 2019. Accessed 07 Jul 2020.
  38. Buckley L, Guyatt G, Fink HA, et al. 2017 American College of Rheumatology guideline for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017 Aug;69(8):1521-1537. doi: 10.1002/art.40137. Accessed 07 Jul 2020. PMID: 28585373
  39. Straseski JA. Osteoporosis. ARUP Consult. https://arupconsult.com/. Jan 2020. Accessed 07 Jul 2020.
  40. Camacho PM, Petak SM, Binkley N, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis-2020 update. Endocr Pract. 2020 May;26(Suppl 1):1-46. doi: 10.4158/GL-2020-0524SUPPL. Accessed 02 Sep 2020. PMID: 32427503
  41. The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners and Osteoporosis Australia. Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis and management in postmenopausal women and men over 50 years of age. 2nd ed. East Melbourne, Vic: RACGP, 2017. https://www.racgp.org.au. Accessed 25 Sep 2020
  42. Chandran M, Mitchell PJ, Amphansap T, et al. Asia Pacific Consortium on Osteoporosis (APCO). Development of the Asia Pacific Consortium on Osteoporosis (APCO) Framework: clinical standards of care for the screening, diagnosis, and management of osteoporosis in the Asia-Pacific region. Osteoporos Int. 2021 Jul;32(7):1249-1275. doi: 10.1007/s00198-020-05742-0. Accessed 07 Apr 2021. PMID: 33502559
  43. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). SIGN publication no. 142. Management of osteoporosis and the prevention of fragility fractures. SIGN. http://www.sign.ac.uk. Jan 2021. Accessed 07 Apr 2021.
  44. Kwok TCY, Law SW, Leung EMF, et al. Hip fractures are preventable: a proposal for osteoporosis screening and fall prevention in older people. Hong Kong Med J. 2020 Jun;26(3):227-235. doi: 10.12809/hkmj198337. Accessed 08 Jul 2021. PMID: 32554817
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  46. Management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: the 2021 position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2021 Sep 1;28(9):973-997. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000001831. Accessed 10 Sep 2021. PMID: 34448749
  47. National Osteoporosis Guideline Group on behalf of the Bone Research Society, British Geriatrics Society, British Orthopaedic Association, British Orthopaedics Research Society, British Society of Rheumatology, National Osteoporosis Society, Osteoporosis 2000, Osteoporosis Dorset, Primary Care Rheumatology Society, Royal College of Physicians and Society for Endocrinology. Osteoporosis: clinical guideline for prevention and treatment. Executive summary. The University of Sheffield. http://www.shef.ac.uk. Mar 2014.
  48. Rosen HN. Calcitonin in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. Dec 2018. Accessed 07 Jan 2019.
  49. American College of Rheumatology (ACR). 2022 American College of Rheumatology guideline for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis guideline summary. ACR. https://www.rheumatology.org/. 09 Jul 2023. Accessed 17 Nov 2022.
  50. Ministry of Health (MOH) Malaysia, Academy of Medicine Malaysia, Malaysian Osteoporosis Society. Clinical practice guidelines management of osteoporosis 2022 (3rd ed). MOH Malaysia. https://www.moh.gov.my/. 2022. Accessed 17 Nov 2022.
  51. Qaseem A, Hicks LA, Etxeandia-Ikobaltzeta I, et al. Pharmacologic treatment of primary osteoporosis or low bone mass to prevent fractures in adults: a living clinical guideline from the American College of Physicians. 2023 Feb;176(2):224-238. doi: 10.7326/M22-1034. PMID: 36592456
  52. LeBoff MS, Greenspan SL, Insogna KL, et al. The clinician's guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2022 Oct;33(10):2049-2102. doi: 10.1007/s00198-021-05900-y. PMID: 35478046
  53. Morin SN, Feldman S, Funnell L, et al. Clinical practice guideline for management of osteoporosis and fracture prevention in Canada: 2023 update. CMAJ. 2023 Oct 10;195(39):E1333–E1348. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.221647. PMID: 37816527
  54. Osteoporosis Society of the Philippines Foundation, Inc. (OSPFI), Philippine College of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (PCEDM), Philippine Rheumatology Association (PRA), Philippine Academy of Family Physicians (PAFP), Philippine Obstetrical and Gynecological Society (POGS) and Philippine Orthopaedic Association (POA). 2023 Philippine clinical practice guidelines on screening, diagnosis, management, and prevention of primary osteoporosis and fragility fractures among postmenopausal women and older men. Department of Health Philippines. https://doh.gov.ph. Dec 2023. Accessed 15 Jan 2024.
  55. The International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD). ISCD 2023 adult official positions. ISCD. https://iscd.org/official-positions-2023/. 2023.
  56. Kahwati LC, Kistler CE, Booth G, et al. Screening for osteoporosis to prevent fractures: a systematic evidence review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2025 Feb;333(6):509-531. doi: 10.1001/jama.2024.21653. PMID: 39808441