Hyperparathyroidism References

Last updated: 11 December 2025
  1. AACE/AAES Task Force on Primary Hyperparathyroidism. The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologist and the American Association of Endocrine Surgeons position statement on the diagnosis and management of primary hyperparathyroidism. Endocr Pract. 2005 Jan;11(1):49-54. PMID: 16033736
  2. Bilezikian JP, Brandi ML, Eastell R, Silverberg SJ, Udelsman R, Marcocci C, Potts JT Jr. Guidelines for the management of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: summary statement from the fourth international workshop. J Clin ENdocrinol Metab. 2014 Oct;99(10):3561-3569. doi: 10.1210/jc.2014-1413. Accessed 08 Nov 2017. PMID: 25162665
  3. Bilezikian JP, Cusano NE, Khan AA, Liu JM, Marcocci C, Bandeira F. Primary hyperparathyroidism. May 02, 2016. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017 Sep. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2016.33. PMID: 27194212
  4. Cheng V. Hyperparathyroidism. In: Ferri, F F. Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, Inc; 2018. 655-656. :655-656.e1.
  5. Christakis I A, Perrier N D. Evaluation and management of persistent or recurrent hyperparathyroidism. In: Cameron, J L, Cameron A. Current Surgical Therapy. 12th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, Inc; 2017. :792-797.
  6. Darr, E A, Sritharan N, Pellitteri P K, et al. Management of parathyroid disorders. In: Flint P W, Haughey, B H, Lund V, eds. Cummings Otolaryngology. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, Inc; 2015. 124, 1929-1956.e8. :124, 1929-1956.e8.
  7. Doyle, D A. Hyperparathyroidism. In: Kleigman R M, Stanton B F, St Geme, J, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 20th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, Inc; 2016. Chapter 573, 2694-2697.e1. :Chapter 573, 2694-2697.e1.
  8. Fuleihan G E. Patient education: Primary hyperparathyroidism (Beyond the basics). UpToDate. http://www.uptodate.com/. Aug 2017.
  9. Fuleihan G E, Silverberg S J. Primary hyperparathyroidism: Diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and evaluation. UpToDate. http://www.uptodate.com. Aug 2017.
  10. Gerden E M. Parathyroid carcinoma. Operative Techniques in Otolaryngology (2009): Elsevier, Inc; 2009. :20, 79-81.
  11. HindiƩ E, Ugur O, Fuster D, et al. 2009 EANM parathyroid guidelines. May 12, 2009. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2009 Jul;36(7):1201-1216. doi: 10.1007/s00259-009-1131-z. Accessed 31 Aug 2017. PMID: 19471928
  12. Maitra, A. The Endocrine System. In: Kumar V, Abbas A K, Aster J C. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.; 2015. :1073-1139.
  13. Quinn C E, Udelsman R. The Parathyroid Gland. In: Townsend, C M, Beauchamp, R, Daniel MD, eds. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 20th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, Inc; 2017. :923-940.
  14. Silverberg S J, Bilezikian J P. Primary Hyperparathyroidism. In: Jameson J L, De Groot, L J, de Kretser, D M, eds. Endocrinology Adult and Pediatric. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.; 2016. :Chapter 63, 11-5-1124.e6.
  15. Silverberg S J, Fuleihan G E. Primary hyperparathyroidism: Management. UpToDate. http://www.uptodate.com/. Aug 2017.
  16. Taniegra E D. Hyperparathyroidism. American Academy of Family Physician. 2004 2004;69:333-340. http://www.aafp.org/afp.
  17. Wang, T S, Sosa J A. Secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism. In: Cameron J L, Cameron A M. Current Surgical Therapy. 12th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, Inc; 2017. :798-802.
  18. Wilhelm SM, Wang TS, Ruan DT, et al. The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons guidelines for definitive management of primary hyperparathyroidism. JAMA Surg. 2016 Oct;151(41):959-968. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2016.2310. PMID: 27532368
  19. Bandeira F, de Moura Nóbrega J, de Oliveira LB, et al. Medical management of primary hyperparathyroidism. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2022 Nov;66(5):689-693. doi: 10.20945/2359-3997000000558. PMID: 36382758
  20. Bilezikian JP, Khan AA, Silverberg SJ, et al; International Workshop on Primary Hyperparathyroidism. Evaluation and management of primary hyperparathyroidism: summary statement and guidelines from the fifth international workshop. J Bone Miner Res. 2022 Nov;37(11):2293-2314. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.4677. PMID: 36245251
  21. Bollerslev J, Rejnmark L, Zahn A, et al; 2021 PARAT Working Group. European Expert Consensus on practical management of specific aspects of parathyroid disorders in adults and in pregnancy: recommendations of the ESE educational program of parathyroid disorders. Eur J Endocrinol. 2022 Jan;186(2):R33-R63. doi: 10.1530/EJE-21-1044. PMID: 3486303
  22. Fuleihan G, Arnold A. Primary hyperparathyroidism: pathogenesis and etiology. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 16 May 2024.
  23. Fuleihan G, Silverberg S. Primary hyperparathyroidism: clinical manifestations. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 06 Apr 2024.
  24. Fuleihan G, Silverberg S. Primary hyperparathyroidism: diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and evaluation. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 08 Sep 2023.
  25. Lewis J. Hyperparathyroidism. MSD Manuals. http://msdmanuals.com/. Oct 2024.
  26. Mendez D, Cheng V. Hyperparathyroidism. ClinicalKey. https://www.clinicalkey.com/. 01 Jan 2024.
  27. National Health Service (NHS). Hyperparathyroidism. NHS. http://www.nhs.uk/. 24 May 2021.
  28. Quarles L, Kendrick J. Management of secondary hyperparathyroidism in adult patients with nondialysis chronic kidney disease. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 01 Oct 2024.
  29. Silverberg S, Fuleihan G. Primary hyperparathyroidism: management. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 30 Aug 2024.
  30. Yip L, Silverberg S, Fuleihan G. Preoperative localization for parathyroid surgery in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 13 Sep 2024.