Bilezikian JP, Brandi ML, Eastell R, Silverberg SJ, Udelsman R, Marcocci C, Potts JT Jr. Guidelines for the management of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: summary statement from the fourth international workshop. J Clin ENdocrinol Metab. 2014 Oct;99(10):3561-3569. doi: 10.1210/jc.2014-1413. Accessed 08 Nov 2017. PMID: 25162665
Cheng V. Hyperparathyroidism. In: Ferri, F F. Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, Inc; 2018. 655-656. :655-656.e1.
Christakis I A, Perrier N D. Evaluation and management of persistent or recurrent hyperparathyroidism. In: Cameron, J L, Cameron A. Current Surgical Therapy. 12th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, Inc; 2017. :792-797.
Doyle, D A. Hyperparathyroidism. In: Kleigman R M, Stanton B F, St Geme, J, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 20th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, Inc; 2016. Chapter 573, 2694-2697.e1. :Chapter 573, 2694-2697.e1.
Fuleihan G E. Patient education: Primary hyperparathyroidism (Beyond the basics). UpToDate. http://www.uptodate.com/. Aug 2017.
Gerden E M. Parathyroid carcinoma. Operative Techniques in Otolaryngology (2009): Elsevier, Inc; 2009. :20, 79-81.
Quinn C E, Udelsman R. The Parathyroid Gland. In: Townsend, C M, Beauchamp, R, Daniel MD, eds. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 20th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, Inc; 2017. :923-940.
Silverberg S J, Bilezikian J P. Primary Hyperparathyroidism. In: Jameson J L, De Groot, L J, de Kretser, D M, eds. Endocrinology Adult and Pediatric. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.; 2016. :Chapter 63, 11-5-1124.e6.
Silverberg S J, Fuleihan G E. Primary hyperparathyroidism: Management. UpToDate. http://www.uptodate.com/. Aug 2017.
Wang, T S, Sosa J A. Secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism. In: Cameron J L, Cameron A M. Current Surgical Therapy. 12th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, Inc; 2017. :798-802.
Wilhelm SM, Wang TS, Ruan DT, et al. The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons guidelines for definitive management of primary hyperparathyroidism. JAMA Surg. 2016 Oct;151(41):959-968. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2016.2310. PMID: 27532368
Bandeira F, de Moura Nóbrega J, de Oliveira LB, et al. Medical management of primary hyperparathyroidism. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2022 Nov;66(5):689-693. doi: 10.20945/2359-3997000000558. PMID: 36382758
Bilezikian JP, Khan AA, Silverberg SJ, et al; International Workshop on Primary Hyperparathyroidism. Evaluation and management of primary hyperparathyroidism: summary statement and guidelines from the fifth international workshop. J Bone Miner Res. 2022 Nov;37(11):2293-2314. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.4677. PMID: 36245251
Bollerslev J, Rejnmark L, Zahn A, et al; 2021 PARAT Working Group. European Expert Consensus on practical management of specific aspects of parathyroid disorders in adults and in pregnancy: recommendations of the ESE educational program of parathyroid disorders. Eur J Endocrinol. 2022 Jan;186(2):R33-R63. doi: 10.1530/EJE-21-1044. PMID: 3486303
Fuleihan G, Arnold A. Primary hyperparathyroidism: pathogenesis and etiology. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 16 May 2024.
Fuleihan G, Silverberg S. Primary hyperparathyroidism: diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and evaluation. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 08 Sep 2023.
Lewis J. Hyperparathyroidism. MSD Manuals. http://msdmanuals.com/. Oct 2024.
Mendez D, Cheng V. Hyperparathyroidism. ClinicalKey. https://www.clinicalkey.com/. 01 Jan 2024.
National Health Service (NHS). Hyperparathyroidism. NHS. http://www.nhs.uk/. 24 May 2021.
Quarles L, Kendrick J. Management of secondary hyperparathyroidism in adult patients with nondialysis chronic kidney disease. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 01 Oct 2024.
Silverberg S, Fuleihan G. Primary hyperparathyroidism: management. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 30 Aug 2024.
Yip L, Silverberg S, Fuleihan G. Preoperative localization for parathyroid surgery in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 13 Sep 2024.
Arjunan D, Minisola S, Rao SD, et al. Changing trends in clinical presentation of primary hyperparathyroidism across countries over time. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2025 Mar;39(2):101980. doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2025.101980. PMID: 39920032
Cuny T, Mathonnet M, Tauveron I. Chapter 1: Epidemiology of primary hyperparathyroidism. Ann Endocrinol . 2025;86(1):101690. doi: 10.1016/j.ando.2025.101690. Accessed 27 Aug 2025. PMID: 39818290
Foroutan M, Valadkhani A, Moonesan MR. Evolving clinical profiles of primary hyperparathyroidism; a global perspective. J Parathyr Dis. 2025;13:e13290. doi: 10.34172/jpd.2025.13290.
Rizk Y, Saad N, Arnaout WC, et al. Primary hyperparathyroidism in older adults: A narrative review of the most recent literature on epidemiology, diagnosis and management. J Clin Med. 2023 Sep;12(19):6321. doi: 10.3390/jcm12196321. PMID: 37834965