Prudent antibiotic prescribing can prevent the spread of superbugs.Antibiotics have fundamentally reshaped the landscape of modern medicine, emerging as indispensable allies in the battle against infectious diseases that were once deemed perilous or even fatal. These powerful medications have revolutionised healthcare by transforming previously life-threatening infections into treatable conditions, leading to a remarkable decrease in mortality rates and an enhanced quality of life for countless individuals.
However, the reckless misuse and overprescription of antibiotics—particularly in cases of viral infections—have become pressing concerns, posing a severe threat to their long-term effectiveness. [WHO Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) report. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/381094/9789240108127-eng.pdf?sequence=1] This alarming trend is driving the rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), an issue that jeopardises not only individual health but also public health on a global scale. If this crisis is allowed to escalate unchecked, even minor infections could evolve into serious health risks, and routine medical procedures could become hazardous.
In Malaysia, the challenge is compounded by a widespread lack of awareness and persistent misconceptions surrounding antibiotics. Despite ongoing educational campaigns and initiatives aimed at raising awareness, many people still hold beliefs that can lead to detrimental practices, such as self-medication or prematurely discontinuing prescribed treatments. This is particularly concerning in cases of minor viral illnesses, where unnecessary antibiotic use contributes significantly to resistance.
It is imperative to confront misconceptions of antibiotics head-on, providing clear, accurate information to promote responsible antibiotic use among the public and healthcare providers alike. It is crucial to act decisively to foster a culture of understanding and responsibility surrounding antibiotic use, ensuring a healthier future for all. Here are five misconceptions that need to be addressed:
Myth 1: Antibiotics can cure viral infections
One of the most persistent misconceptions is that antibiotics can treat viral infections. This is false because antibiotics are only effective against bacterial infections. Globally, studies show that up to 50 percent of antibiotics are inappropriately prescribed for viral infections, contributing to unnecessary resistance. [BMJ Open Qual 2019;8:e000351]
Myth 2: Stopping antibiotics early is safe if symptoms improve
Patients often stop taking antibiotics once they feel better, assuming the infection is gone. This premature discontinuation is a major driver of resistance. Bacteria that survive incomplete treatment can adapt, mutate, and become resistant, making future infections more difficult to treat. Completing the full prescribed course is essential to ensure all harmful bacteria are eliminated.
Myth 3: Antibiotic resistance affects people, not bacteria
A common misunderstanding is that the human body develops resistance to antibiotics. In reality, it is the bacteria that become resistant, rendering treatments ineffective. Rampant misuse of antibiotics in viral illnesses leads to bacterial resistance, making previously treatable infections harder to manage. As resistance increases, infections that were once easily cured with antibiotics may require stronger, more expensive medications that may not always work.
Myth 4: Sharing or using leftover antibiotics is harmless
Some Malaysians keep leftover antibiotics for future use or share them with family members, assuming it is a practical solution. This practice is extremely dangerous. Each infection requires a specific antibiotic, dosage, and duration of treatment. Taking the wrong medication—or the wrong dose—not only fails to treat the infection but also contributes to resistance.
Myth 5: Antibiotics are necessary for all infections
Not every bacterial infection requires antibiotics. Mild bacterial infections often resolve on their own with proper rest and hydration. Overprescription of antibiotics for minor bacterial infections only accelerates resistance, reduces treatment options, and increases the risk of superbugs. In such cases, symptomatic treatment may be more appropriate.
The challenge of AMR presents an important opportunity for positive change. Everyone has the potential to contribute to a healthier future by making informed choices and using antibiotics responsibly. This can help ensure the effectiveness of these vital medicines for future generations.
Malaysia has already made notable progress in raising awareness about AMR. With ongoing education, the implementation of stronger policies, and a united commitment to responsible antibiotic use, collective efforts can slow down resistance and safeguard public health. Simple, responsible actions—such as completing a full course of antibiotics, avoiding self-medication, and educating others—can make a significant impact.
Rather than viewing the possibility of a post-antibiotic era with fear, the focus should be directed on the potential for continued medical advancements, where antibiotics remain effective tools against infections and the healthcare system becomes even more resilient. It is essential to recognise that antibiotics are not always necessary, particularly for common viral illnesses. In such cases, symptomatic treatment is a recommended alternative.