Pneumonia - Hospital-Acquired Drug Summary

Last updated: 26 February 2026
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Aminoglycosides

Drug Dosage1 Remarks
Amikacin 15 mg/kg/day IM/IV as single dose or divided 8-12 hourly
Optimal dose2: 15-20 mg/kg/day IV (trough levels: <4-5 mcg/mL)
Max dose: 1.5 g/day 		Adverse Reactions
  • Ototoxic effects (irreversible ototoxicity resulting in hearing loss, dizziness, vertigo); Renal effects (reversible nephrotoxicity, acute renal failure has been reported usually when other nephrotoxic drugs have also been administered); Neuromuscular effect (neuromuscular blockade resulting in respiratory depression and muscular paralysis); Hypersensitivity reactions
Special Instructions
  • Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity are most likely in geriatric, dehydrated patients, those with renal impairment, in patients who are receiving high doses or for long periods or who are also receiving or have received other ototoxic/nephrotoxic drugs
    • Consider monitoring of serum concentrations and/or peak serum concentrations/MIC ratio in these patients
  • Use with caution in patients with conditions associated with muscle weakness (eg myasthenia gravis, Parkinson’s disease), patients with pre-existing renal dysfunction, vestibular or cochlear impairment
Dibekacin 100 mg IM 24 hourly or
100 mg/day IV divided 12 hourly
Gentamicin 1-1.7 mg/kg IM/IV 8 hourly or
3-5 mg/kg/day IM/IV divided 8 hourly
Optimal dose2: 5-7 mg/kg/day IV (trough levels: <1 mcg/mL)
Isepamicin 8-15 mg/kg/day IM/IV or divided 12 hourly
Max dose: 1.5 g/day
Kanamycin 0.5-1.5 g/day IM/IV divided 12 hourly
Netilmicin 4-6 mg/kg/day IM/IV as single dose or divided 8-12 hourly
Tobramycin 3-5 mg/kg/day IM/IV divided 6-8 hourly
Optimal dose2: 5-7 mg/kg/day IV (trough levels: <1 mcg/mL)
1To decrease risk of toxicity, try to keep treatment duration to <5-7 days if patient is responding to therapy. Once-daily dosing is as effective (and no more/less toxic) as multiple-daily dosing.
2Optimal dose is the initial IV adult dose of antibiotic for empiric therapy for HAP/VAP in patients with risk factors for MDR pathogens as recommended by the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) in: Management of adults with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: 2016 clinical practice guidelines. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Sep 1;63(5):e61-e111.

Cephalosporins

Drug Dosage Remarks
First Generation Adverse Reactions
  • Hypersensitivity effects (urticaria, pruritus, rash, anaphylaxis); GI effects (diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, rarely antibiotic-associated diarrhea/colitis); Other effect (candidal infections)
  • High doses may be associated with CNS effects (encephalopathy, convulsions); Rarely hematologic (neutropenia, leukopenia), hepatic (transient increase in AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase) and renal effects (transient increase in serum creatinine and/or BUN) have occurred
  • Prolonged prothrombin time (PT), prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and/or hypoprothrombinemia (with or without bleeding) have been reported and occur most frequently with N-methylthiotetrazole (NMTT) side chain-containing cephalosporins
Special Instructions
  • May be taken with food to decrease gastric distress
  • Use with caution in patients allergic to Penicillin or with renal impairment
Cefalexin 500 mg PO 8-12 hourly
May increase dose to 1-1.5 g PO
6-8 hourly
Cefazolin 500 mg IM/IV 12 hourly
Second Generation
Cefamandole 500 mg-2 g IM/IV 4-8 hourly
Cefmetazole 0.5-1 g IM/IV 12 hourly
May increase to 3-4 g/day divided
6-8 hourly for severe infections
Cefminox 2 g/day IV divided 12 hourly
Cefotiam 200-400 mg PO 12 hourly or
200-400 mg (as hexetil hydrochloride) IV 12 hourly or up to 6 g/day (as hydrochloride) IM/IV in divided doses according to severity
Cefoxitin 1-2 g IM/IV 6-8 hourly
May be increased to 12 g/day
Cefuroxime 250-500 mg PO 12 hourly or
750 mg IM/IV 6-8 hourly or
1.5 g IM/IV 6-8 hourly
Max dose: 6 g/day
Third Generation
Cefoperazone 1-2 g IM/IV 12 hourly
Up to 16 g/day IM/IV divided 6-12
hourly
Cefotaxime 1 g IM/IV 12 hourly
May increase to 1-2 g IM/IV 8 hourly for moderate to severe infections
Max dose: 12 g/day
Ceftazidime 250 mg-2 g IM/IV 8-12 hourly
Optimal dose1: 2 g IV 8 hourly
Max dose: 9 g/day
Ceftizoxime 500 mg/day IM/IV divided 6-12 hourly
May increase dose to 4 g/day
Ceftriaxone 1-2 g/day IM/IV as single dose or
divided 12 hourly
Max dose: 4 g/day
Latamoxef 2 g/day IM divided 12 hourly or
2-6 g/day IV divided 8-12 hourly
Fourth Generation
Cefepime 1-2 g IM/IV 12 hourly
Optimal dose1: 2 g IV 8 hourly
Max dose: 6 g/day
Cefiderocol
(Cefiderocol sulfate tosylate)		 2 g IV 8 hourly
Cefpirome 1-2 g IV 12 hourly
Fifth Generation
Ceftobiprole 500 mg IV infusion over 2 hours 8 hourly
Cephalosporins with Beta-lactamase Inhibitors
Cefoperazone/sulbactam 1-2 g IM/IV 12 hourly (1:1 ratio)
Max dose: 8 g/day
Ceftazidime/avibactam 2.5 g (2 g Ceftazidime/500 mg avibactam) IV 8 hourly x 7-14 days
Ceftolozane/tazobactam 3 g IV 8 hourly (2:1 ratio) x 8-14 days
1Optimal dose is the initial IV adult dose of antibiotic for empiric therapy for HAP/VAP in patients with risk factors for MDR pathogens as recommended by the ATS and the IDSA in: Management of adults with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: 2016 clinical practice guidelines. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Sep 1;63(5):e61-e111.

Macrolides

Drug Dosage Remarks
Erythromycin 1-2 g/day PO divided 6-12 hourly or
25-50 mg/kg/day IV divided 6 hourly
Max dose: 4 g/day 		Adverse Reactions
  • GI effects (nausea/vomiting, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea and other GI disturbances, antibiotic-associated diarrhea/colitis); Other effect (candidal infections)
  • Hypersensitivity effects are uncommon (urticaria, pruritus, rash, rarely anaphylaxis); Rarely cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity; Dose-related tinnitus/hearing loss have occurred with some macrolides
  • Azithromycin and Clarithromycin tend to cause less GI disturbances than Erythromycin
Special Instructions
  • May take with food to decrease gastric distress
  • Use with caution in patients with hepatic dysfunction or severe renal impairment
Advanced Macrolides
Azithromycin 500 mg PO 24 hourly x 3 days or
500 mg PO 24 hourly x 1 day followed
by 250 mg PO 24 hourly x 4 days or
25-50 mg/kg/day divided 6 hourly
Clarithromycin 250-500 mg PO 12 hourly
Extended-release:
500-1,000 mg PO 24 hourly or
500 mg IV 12 hourly

Other Antibiotics

Drug Dosage Remarks
Fusidate
Fusidic acid
(Na fusidate)		 500 mg IV/PO 8 hourly
Max dose: 2 g/day 		Adverse Reactions
  • GI effects (anorexia, nausea/vomiting, dyspepsia); Hepatic effects (jaundice and reversible changes in liver function); CNS effects (headache, dizziness)
Special Instructions
  • Use with caution in patients with liver dysfunction
    • Monitoring of hepatic function is recommended during systemic therapy
Glycopeptides
Teicoplanin Initial dose:
6 mg/kg IV 12 hourly x 3 doses
Maintenance dose:
6 mg/kg IV 24 hourly 		Adverse Reactions
  • Fever, chills, skin rash, pruritus; occasionally, anaphylaxis or bronchospasm has been reported
  • Hypersensitivity effects (eg Stevens-Johnson syndrome); CNS effects (dizziness, headache); GI effect (GI disturbances); Hematologic and hepatic effects; Renal impairment and ototoxicity have occurred
Special Instructions
  • Use with caution in patients with pre-existing renal dysfunction
    • Monitor renal and auditory function if on prolonged therapy
  • Periodic monitoring of CBC and LFTs are advised
Telavancin 10 mg/kg IV 24 hourly Adverse Reactions
  • “Red neck syndrome” may be mitigated by slow infusion; GI effects (nausea/vomiting, temporary taste disturbance); Renal effects (nephrotoxicity, foamy urine)
Special Instructions
  • Avoid in patients with predisposing factors associated with prolongation of the QT-interval
  • Use with caution in patients with renal dysfunction
  • Monitor serum Cr and Cr clearance to check for adverse renal effects
  • Coagulation tests should be done at Telavancin’s trough serum concentration
Vancomycin 1 g IV 12 hourly or
500 mg IV 6 hourly or
20-35 mg/kg IV as loading dose followed by 15-20 mg/kg IV 8-12 hourly x 7 days
Optimal dose1:
15-20 mg/kg/dose IV 8-12 hourly
Adjust dose based on AUC-guided or trough-guided serum concentration monitoring 		Adverse Reactions
  • “Red neck syndrome” which is usually related to too rapid infusion: Flushing, erythema, rash over face and upper torso, sometimes hypotension and shock-like symptoms also occur
  • Hypersensitivity effects (anaphylactoid reactions, Stevens-Johnson syndrome); Hematologic effects have occurred; Renal effect (nephrotoxicity may occur especially at high doses or in patients with predisposing factors); Ototoxic effects (ototoxicity which is more likely with high plasma concentrations or in renal impairment, may be irreversible; tinnitus may precede hearing loss and can be used as a sign to discontinue treatment)
Special Instructions
  • Use with caution in patients with impaired hearing or renal function and the elderly
  • Monitoring of serum concentrations may be done to help avoid renal and otic toxicity, monitoring of CBC and renal function during treatment is suggested along with monitoring of auditory function
Lincosamide
Clindamycin 600 mg-1.8 g/day PO divided 6-12 hourly or
600 mg-2.7 g/day IM/IV divided 6-12 hourly
Max dose: 4.8 g/day 		Adverse Reactions
  • GI effects (diarrhea, severe antibiotic-related pseudomembranous colitis, nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain, metallic taste); Hypersensitivity effects (rash, urticaria, rarely anaphylaxis)
  • Severe dermatologic (erythema multiforme, exfoliative and vesiculobullous dermatitis), hematologic and hepatic effects have occurred; Other effect (polyarthritis)
Special Instructions
  • Discontinue if diarrhea occurs
  • Use with caution in patients with GI disease especially with history of colitis
  • Use with caution in atopic patients and in patients with hepatic impairment
Nitroimidazole
Metronidazole Initially 800 mg PO followed by 400 mg PO 8 hourly or
500 mg IV 8 hourly 		Adverse Reactions
  • GI effects (nausea/vomiting, metallic taste, diarrhea, constipation); CNS effects have been reported (weakness, dizziness, headache, mood changes, peripheral neuropathy has occurred at high/prolonged doses); Other effects (candidal infection, darkening of urine); Hematologic and hepatic effects have occurred; Rarely hypersensitivity reactions
  • High dose or prolonged use has caused peripheral neuropathy and epileptiform seizures
Special Instructions
  • When given with alcohol a disulfiram-like reaction can occur
  • Use with caution in patients with severe hepatic impairment, active or chronic severe peripheral and CNS diseases
  • If given >10 days, recommend monitoring CBC and clinical monitoring for CNS effects
Oxazolidinone
Linezolid 600 mg IV/PO 12 hourly
Optimal dose1:
600 mg IV 12 hourly 		Adverse Reactions
  • GI effects (diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, metallic taste, constipation, antibiotic-associated diarrhea/colitis); CNS effects (headache, insomnia, dizziness); Hematologic effects (reversible myelosuppression including leukopenia, anemia, pancytopenia, thrombocytopenia); Other effects (moniliasis infection, abnormal LFTs)
Special Instructions
  • Use with caution in patients with pre-existing myelosuppression and in patients with severe renal dysfunction
  • Recommend monitoring of CBC and platelet counts weekly
Phosphonic Acid
Fosfomycin 12-24 g/day IV divided 8-12 hourly
Max dose: 8 g/dose 		Adverse Reactions
  • Hematologic effects (aplastic anemia, eosinophilia); GI effects (nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, dyspepsia, antibiotic-associated diarrhea/colitis); Respiratory effects (rhinitis, asthma exacerbation); CNS effects (headache, dizziness, visual disturbances); Other effects (reversible increase in liver enzymes, rashes, back pain, weakness, phlebitis)
Special Instructions
  • Use with caution in patients with predisposition to develop allergic reactions, renal impairment, cardiac insufficiency, hypertension, hyperaldosteronism, hypernatremia, pulmonary edema or hepatic cirrhosis
  • Monitor serum electrolytes, renal and liver function
Polymyxins
Colistimethate
sodium		 2.5-5 mg/kg/day IM/IV divided 6-12 hourly
Max dose: 5 mg/kg/day or
9 MU/day IM/IV divided 6-8 hourly
or 50,000 u/kg/day IM/IV divided 8 hourly
Optimal dose1:
5 mg/kg (Colistin base) IV loading dose followed by 2.5 mg/kg IV 12 hourly 		Adverse Reactions
  • CNS effects (dizziness, vertigo, slurred speech); Renal effects (nephrotoxicity, proteinuria); GI effects (GI upset, antibiotic-associated diarrhea/colitis); Other effects (paresthesias, weakness of lower limbs)
  • Respiratory arrest has been reported
Special Instructions
  • Use with caution in patients with pre-existing renal disease and myasthenia gravis
Polymyxin B 15,000-25,000 u/kg/day IV divided 12 hourly
Max dose: 25,000 u/kg/day
or 25,000-30,000 u/kg/day IM divided 4-6 hourly 		Adverse Reactions
  • Renal effects (albuminuria, cylindruria); CNS effects (dizziness progressing to ataxia, drowsiness, peripheral paresthesias); Other effects (azotemia, rising serum drug levels without increasing dosage, facial flushing, drug fever, urticarial rash, thrombophlebitis)
Special Instructions
  • Use with caution in patients with nephrotoxicity and renal impairment
  • Avoid concurrent use of curariform muscle relaxant and other neurotoxic drugs and/or nephrotoxic drugs
  • Discontinue if with Clostridioides difficile-associated diarrhea and paralysis appears
  • Requires baseline renal function and blood levels prior to therapy with frequent monitoring
  • Monitor for overgrowth of non-susceptible organisms
1Optimal dose is the initial IV adult dose of antibiotic for empiric therapy for HAP/VAP in patients with risk factors for MDR pathogens as recommended by the ATS and the IDSA in: Management of adults with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: 2016 clinical practice guidelines. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Sep 1;63(5):e61-e111.

Other Beta-Lactams

Drug Dosage Remarks
Carbapenems
Doripenem 500 mg IV 8 hourly Adverse Reactions
  • GI effects (diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, antibiotic-associated diarrhea/colitis, tongue/tooth discoloration, altered taste); Hypersensitivity effects (rash, anaphylaxis); Other effects (candidal infections, anemia)
  • CNS effects (mental disturbances, confusion; Imipenem/cilastatin: Seizures and convulsions have been reported especially in patients with history of CNS lesions and/or renal dysfunction); Rarely severe dermatologic effects (exfoliative dermatitis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome); Rarely hepatic effects (increased AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase)
Special Instructions
  • Use with caution in patients with known hypersensitivity to penicillins, cephalosporins or other beta-lactams, patients with renal impairment
  • Use with caution in patients with CNS disorders (eg epilepsy)
Ertapenem 1 g IM/IV 24 hourly
Imipenem/cilastatin 1-2 g/day IV divided 6-8 hourly
Optimal dose (Imipenem)1:
500 mg IV 6 hourly
Max dose: 50 mg/kg/day or 4 g/day
Imipenem/cilastatin/
relebactam		 1.25 g IV infusion over 30 minutes 6 hourly
Meropenem 500 mg-1 g IV 8 hourly
Optimal dose1: 1 g IV 8 hourly
Meropenem/vaborbactam 4 g IV infusion over 3 hours 8 hourly Adverse Reactions
  • GI effects (diarrhea, nausea); Other effects (headache, phlebitis/infusion site reactions)
Special Instructions
  • Use with caution in patients at risk for seizures and CNS disorders, hepatic impairment, C difficile-associated diarrhea, with history of anaphylactic reactions to carbapenems, penicillins or beta-lactams
  • Monitor liver function during treatment
Monobactam
Aztreonam 1-2 g IV/IM 8-12 hourly
P aeruginosa infection:
2 g IV 6-8 hourly
Max dose: 8 g/day
Optimal dose1:
2 g IV 8 hourly 		Adverse Reactions
  • Hypersensitivity effects (rash, urticaria, pruritus, anaphylaxis); GI effects (diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, antibiotic-associated diarrhea/colitis); Other effects (candidal infections)
  • Rarely hematologic effects; Renal and hepatic effects have occurred
Special Instructions
  • Use with caution in patients with known hypersensitivity to penicillins, cephalosporins or other beta-lactams and in patients with renal impairment
Other Beta-lactams
Sulbactam/durlobactam Acinetobacter baumannii-
calcoaceticus complex infection:
2 g IV infusion over 3 hours 6 hourly x 7-14 days 		Adverse Reactions
  • Hepatic effects (abnormal liver function test, abnormal hepatic function, increased transaminases, increased AST/ALT); GI effects (diarrhea, constipation); Hematologic effects (thrombocytopenia, anemia); Other effects (hypokalemia, arrhythmia, acute kidney injury)
Special Instructions
  • Use with caution in patients with known hypersensitivity to beta-lactams, renal impairment, at risk for C difficile-associated diarrhea
1Optimal dose is the initial IV adult dose of antibiotic for empiric therapy for HAP/VAP in patients with risk factors for MDR pathogens as recommended by the ATS and the IDSA in: Management of adults with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: 2016 clinical practice guidelines. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Sep 1;63(5):e61-e111.

Penicillins

Drug Dosage Remarks
Aminopenicillins with Beta-lactamase Inhibitors
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid
(Co-amoxiclav, Amoxicillin/clavulanate) 		375 mg PO 8 hourly or
625 mg PO 8-12 hourly or
1 g PO 12 hourly or 1.2 g IV 6-8 hourly or
2.2 g IV 4-12 hourly 		Adverse Reactions
  • Hypersensitivity effects (rash, urticaria, pruritus, anaphylaxis); GI effects (diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, rarely antibiotic-associated diarrhea/colitis); Other effect (candidal infections)
  • Rarely hematologic effects; Renal and hepatic effects have occurred; High doses may be associated with CNS effects (encephalopathy, convulsions)
Special Instructions
  • Avoid in patients with Penicillin allergy
  • Use with caution in patients with renal impairment
Ampicillin/sulbactam
(Sultamicillin: Pro-drug of Ampicillin and Sulbactam) 		375-750 mg PO 12 hourly or
1.5-12 g IM/IV divided 6-8 hourly
Max dose: 12 g/day IM/IV
Sultamicillin tosylate
(Sultamicillin tosilate) 		375-750 mg PO 12 hourly
Antipseudomonal Penicillins with or without Beta-lactamase Inhibitors
Azlocillin 2-5 g IV 8 hourly Adverse Reactions
  • Hypersensitivity effects (rash, urticaria, pruritus, anaphylaxis); GI effects (diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, rarely antibiotic-associated diarrhea/colitis); Other effect (candidal infections)
  • Rarely hematologic effects; Renal and hepatic effects have occurred; High doses may be associated with CNS effects (encephalopathy, convulsions)
Special Instructions
  • Avoid in patients with Penicillin allergy
  • Use with caution in patients with renal impairment
Mezlocillin 200-350 mg/kg/day IV divided 6 hourly
Max dose: 24 g/day
Piperacillin 3-4 g IV 4-6 hourly
Max dose: 24 g/day
Piperacillin/tazobactam 2.23-4.5 g IV 6-8 hourly or
3.375 g IV 6 hourly
Optimal dose1: 4.5 g IV 6 hourly
Ticarcillin 200-300 mg/kg/day IV divided 4-6 hourly
Ticarcillin/clavulanic acid ≥60 kg: 3.1 g IV 4-6 hourly
<60 kg: 200-300 mg/kg/day IV divided 4-6 hourly
Antistaphylococcal Penicillins
Cloxacillin 250-500 mg PO 6 hourly or
250 mg-1 g IV 4-6 hourly
Flucloxacillin 250-500 mg PO 6 hourly or
1-6 g/day IM/IV divided 6-8 hourly
Nafcillin 500 mg IM/IV 4-6 hourly
Oxacillin 250 mg-1 g IM/IV 4-6 hourly
1Optimal dose is the initial IV adult dose of antibiotic for empiric therapy for HAP/VAP in patients with risk factors for MDR pathogens as recommended by the ATS and the IDSA in: Management of adults with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: 2016 clinical practice guidelines. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Sep 1;63(5):e61-e111.

Quinolones

Drug Dosage Remarks
Fluoroquinolones
Ciprofloxacin 500-750 mg PO 12 hourly or
100-400 mg IV 8-12 hourly
Optimal dose1: 400 mg IV 8 hourly 		Adverse Reactions
  • GI effects (nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, diarrhea, rarely antibiotic-associated diarrhea/colitis); CNS effects (headache, dizziness, sleep disorders, restlessness, drowsiness); Dermatologic effects (rash, pruritus, photosensitivity); Hypersensitivity effects (rash, Stevens-Johnson syndrome); Rarely hematologic, hepatic and renal effects
  • Some quinolones have the potential to prolong the QT interval
Special Instructions
  • Administer at least 2 hours before or 3 hours after Al- or Mg-containing antacids, dietary supplements containing Zn or Fe or buffered Didanosine preparations
  • Avoid exposure to strong sunlight or tanning beds
  • Use with caution in patients with epilepsy or history of CNS disorders, in patients with impaired renal or hepatic function and in those with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
Levofloxacin 500-750 mg IV/PO 24 hourly
Optimal dose1: 750 mg IV 24 hourly
Moxifloxacin 400 mg IV/PO 24 hourly
Ofloxacin 200-400 mg IV/PO 12 hourly
Sitafloxacin hydrate 50 mg PO 12 hourly or
100 mg PO 24 hourly x 7 days
Max dose: 100 mg PO 12 hourly
1Optimal dose is the initial IV adult dose of antibiotic for empiric therapy for HAP/VAP in patients with risk factors for MDR pathogens as recommended by the ATS and the IDSA in: Management of adults with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: 2016 clinical practice guidelines. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Sep 1;63(5):e61-e111.

Tetracycline

Drug Dosage Remarks
Doxycycline 200 mg PO 24 hourly on day 1 followed 100 mg PO 24 hourly x 4 days Adverse Reactions
  • Dermatologic effect (photosensitivity); GI effects (nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, antibiotic-associated diarrhea/colitis, dysphagia, esophageal ulceration may occur when taken with an insufficient amount of liquid); Other effects (candidal infections, discoloration of teeth, interference with bone growth in young infants/ pregnant women); Hypersensitivity effects have occurred
  • Rarely renal dysfunction, hepatotoxicity, hematologic effects, increased intracranial pressure with headache and visual disturbances
Special Instructions
  • Avoid long exposure to sunlight or tanning beds
  • Take with plenty of fluid while sitting or standing and before retiring to bed
  • Avoid in pregnant women; avoid in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
  • Use w/ caution in patient with renal or hepatic impairment

Disclaimer

All dosage recommendations are for non-pregnant and non-breastfeeding women, and non-elderly adults with normal renal and hepatic function unless otherwise stated.  
Not all products are available or approved for above use in all countries.  
Products listed in the Drug Summary are based on indications stated in the locally approved product monographs.   
Please refer to local product monographs in Related MIMS Drugs for country-specific prescribing information. 

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