Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, et al. 2007 Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2007 Jun;28(12):1462-1536. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehm236. PMID: 17562668
Pickering TG, Hall JE, Appel LJ, et al. Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals: part 1: blood pressure measurement in humans: a statement for professionals from the Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research. Hypertension. 2005 Jan;45(1):142-161. doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000150859.47929.8e. PMID: 15611362
Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Hypertension. 2003 Dec;42(6):1206-1252. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/. PMID: 14656957
Varon J, Marik PE. The diagnosis and management of hypertensive crises. Chest. 2000 Jul;118(1):214-227. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=10893382. PMID: 10893382
Acelajado MC, Calhoun DA. Resistant hypertension, secondary hypertension, and hypertensive crises: diagnostic evaluation and treatment. Cardiol Clin. 2010 Nov;28(4):639-654. doi: 10.1016/j.ccl.2010.07.002. PMID: 20937447
American College of Chest Physicians. Hypertensive crises in the critical care setting: current perspectives and practice challenges. Chest Physician. 2008:001-14
Aggarwal M, Khan IA. Hypertensive crisis: hypertensive emergencies and urgencies. Cardiol Clin. 2006 Feb;24(1):135-146. doi: 10.1016/j.ccl.2005.09.002. PMID: 16326263
Hebert CJ, Vidt DG. Hypertensive crises. Prim Care. 2008 Sep;35(3):475-487, vi. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2008.05.001. PMID: 18710665
Flanigan JS, Vitberg D. Hypertensive emergency and severe hypertension: what to treat, who to treat, and how to treat. Med Clin North Am. 2006 May;90(3):439-451. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2005.11.008. PMID: 16473099
Johnson W, Nguyen ML, Patel R. Hypertension crisis in the emergency department. Cardiol Clin. 2012 Nov;30(4):533-543. doi: 10.1016/j.ccl.2012.07.011. PMID: 23102030
Marik PE, Varon J. Hypertensive crises: challenges and management. Chest. 2007 Jun;131(6):1949-1962. doi: 10.1378/chest.06-2490. PMID: 17565029
Rodriguez MA, Kumar SK, De Caro M. Hypertensive crisis. Cardiol Rev. 2010 Mar;18(2):102-107. doi: 10.1097/CRD.0b013e3181c307b7. PMID: 20160537
Ministry of Health (MOH) Malaysia, Academy of Medicine of Malaysia & Malaysian Society of Hypertension. Clinical practice guidelines: management of hypertension 3rd edition. MOH Malaysia. http://www.moh.gov.my. Feb 2008. Accessed 30 Jul 2013.
Hopkins C. Hypertensive emergencies. eMedicine. http://emedicine.medscape.com/. Apr 2013. Accessed 05 May 2013.
Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, et al. 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens. 2013 Jul;31(7):1281-1357. doi: 10.1097/01.hjh.0000431740.32696.cc. Accessed 08 Apr 2015. PMID: 23817082
Elliott WJ, Varon J. Evaluation and treatment of hypertensive emergencies in adults. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 14 Jun 2023. Accessed 08 Apr 2015.
Salgado DR, Silva E, Vincent JL. Control of hypertension in the critically ill: a pathophysiological approach. Ann Intensive Care. 2013 Jun 27;3(1):17. doi: 10.1186/2110-5820-3-17. Accessed 31 Jul 2015. PMID: 3806076
Elliott WJ, Varon J. Drugs used for the treatment of hypertensive emergencies. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 06 Oct 2023. Accessed 12 Aug 2016.
Hypertensive emergencies. BMJ Best Practice. http://bestpractice.bmj.com. 13 Mar 2017. Accessed 04 Sep 2017.
Varon J, Elliott WJ. Management of severe asymptomatic hypertension (hypertensive urgencies) in adults. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 18 Oct 2023. Accessed 05 Sep 2017.
Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 May 15;71(19):e127-e248. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.006. Accessed 16 Nov 2017. PMID: 29146535
Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al; The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Society of Hypertension (ESH). 2018 ESC/ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. ESC. https://www.escardio.org. 2018. Accessed 25 Aug 2018.
Malaysian Society of Hypertension, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Academy of Medicine of Malaysia. Clinical practice guidelines. Management of hypertension. 5th edition (2018). Academy of Medicine of Malaysia. http://www.acadmed.org.my. 2018. Accessed 07 Dec 2018.
Unger T, Borghi C, Charchar F, et al. 2020 International Society of Hypertension global hypertension practice guidelines. Hypertension. 2020 Jun;75(6):1334-1357. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15026. Accessed 01 Jun 2020. PMID: 32370572
Benken ST. Hypertensive emergencies. In: Critical Care Self-Assessment (CCSAP) 2018 Book 1: Medical Issues in the ICU. Kansas City: American College of Clinical Pharmacy; 2018 Jan. Accessed 02 June 2020.
Van der Born BH, Lip GYH, Brguljan-Hitij J, et al. ESC Council on hypertension position document on the management of hypertensive emergencies. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother. 2019 Jan;5(1):37-46. doi: 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvy032. PMID: 30339228
National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung & Blood Institute, National High Blood Pressure Education Program. The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on the
prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood
pressure. Arch Intern Med. 1997 Nov 24;157(21):2413-2446. doi: 10.1001/archinte.157.21.2413. PMID: 9385294
Mancia G, Kreutz R, Brunstrom M, et al. 2023 ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension: endorsed by the International Society of Hypertension (ISH) and the European Renal Association (ERA). J Hypertens. 2023 Dec 1;41(12):1874-2071. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000003480. Accessed 16 Mar 2024. PMID: 37345492
McEvoy JW, McCarthy CP, Bruno RM, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2024 ESC guidelines for the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2024 Aug 30:ehae178. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehae178. Accessed 31 Aug 2024. PMID: 39210715