Pneumonia - Community-Acquired Diagnostics

Laboratory Tests and Ancillaries

The following tests may be done to serve as adjuncts in diagnosing pneumonia:

• Pulse oximetry: Hypoxemia may be present in patients who do not have obvious signs of pneumonia
  • Arterial blood gas: Should be done if the arterial O₂ saturation (SaO₂) is <92%
• Complete blood count (CBC): WBC of >10 x 10⁹/L or <4.5 x 10⁹/L (>15 x 10⁹/L) strongly suggests bacterial etiology and a WBC of >20 x 10⁹/L or <4 x 10⁹/L is associated with increased mortality
• Blood chemistry: Urea, electrolytes, and liver function tests (LFTs) should be requested to determine disease severity and identify associated liver or kidney disease
• C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin may be obtained for the diagnosis and assessment of response to therapy
• Procalcitonin may be used to guide the initiation and duration of antibiotic treatment
  • Non-critically ill patients with procalcitonin level of <0.25 μg/L is suggestive of bacterial infection and may not benefit from antibiotic therapy
  • Critically ill patients with procalcitonin level of <0.50 μg/L indicates a low probability of bacterial infection; however, retesting after 6-24 hours may be used to deescalate or discontinue empiric antibiotic therapy

Microbial Etiology Testing  

The rationale behind determining the causative organism in some patients with community-acquired pneumonia is that the results of the diagnostic testing are anticipated to result in a change in the patient’s antibiotic regimen, especially if unusual pathogens are suspected. It is also important in cases of public health interest such as when severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus or SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19) are being suspected. It also allows antibiotic de-escalation and helps narrow the treatment regimen to prevent the emergence of resistance. Tests to determine microbial etiology are recommended for moderate- to high-risk CAP and optional or not recommended in patients with low-risk CAP.  

Blood Culture  

Blood culture is considered as the gold standard in the etiologic diagnosis of pneumonia. Although it has low sensitivity, a positive blood culture (at least two sets of pretreatment blood cultures) is specific. Pretreatment blood culture is recommended for patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia, currently taking empiric agents for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or Pseudomonas aeruginosa, previously infected with MRSA or Pseudomonas aeruginosa especially those with a prior lung infection, or with history of hospitalization given parenteral antibiotics during admission or within the last 90 days. High-risk community-acquired pneumonia is the strongest indication for blood cultures because of the higher yield, the greater possibility of the presence of pathogens not covered by the usual empirical antibiotic therapy, and the increased potential to affect antibiotic therapy.  

Sputum or Tracheal Aspirate Gram Stain and Culture  

Pretreatment Gram stain and blood culture of lower respiratory tract aspirate are recommended for all patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia, especially if intubated, patients with moderate community-acquired pneumonia currently being treated for MRSA or Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with a history of MRSA or Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection especially those with a prior lung infection, or those with history of hospitalization given parenteral antibiotics during admission or within the last 90 days.  

For intubated patients, an endotracheal aspirate sample or a bronchoalveolar lavage from bronchoscopy should be obtained. Gram stain is quick and inexpensive, can assess the quality of samples, helps interpret culture results, and may give an early indication of possible etiology. Culture for Legionella sp on specific media should be requested in areas where Legionella sp is endemic and in patients with recent travel.  

Pneumonia - Community-Acquired_Diagnosis

Imaging

A chest X-ray is useful for determining the severity the of disease and the presence of complications. It typically shows lobar consolidation and may also show bilateral, more diffuse infiltrates. It may also suggest possible etiology, reveal associated conditions, and assist in differentiating pneumonia from other conditions that may present similarly.