Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Công cụ chẩn đoán

Laboratory Tests and Ancillaries

Diagnostic tests may include a complete blood count (CBC), fasting blood glucose and/or HbA1c, serum lipids (total cholesterol [TC], LDL-C, HDL-C, and TG), sodium, potassium, uric acid, creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), liver function tests (LFTs), urinalysis, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and a 12-lead ECG.  

The following tests should be performed based on the patient’s risk for dyslipidemia and diabetes (at least every 5 years or more frequently if risk factors are present):

• Fasting serum lipid profile
• If the patient has not fasted prior to a lipid profile test, TC and HDL-C can still be measured
• Fasting blood glucose
• High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) may be considered in intermediate- to high-risk patients with LDL-C levels of <130 mg/dL that need further stratification

Homocysteine level and lipoprotein (a) level, DNA-based tests, any serological or urinary biomarkers are not recommended for routine use but may be considered in select patients.

Cardiovascular Disease Prevention_Diagnostics

Imaging

A chest X-ray may help in the detection of cardiomegaly and early pulmonary findings of heart failure. While coronary artery calcification (CAC) measurement and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) test may help in choosing the best treatment strategy for patients. Among these, CAC scoring is considered the best imaging modality to improve stratification of CVD risk. Echocardiography may be performed in patients presenting with breathlessness or hypertension. Exercise stress testing may be considered in the CV assessment of an asymptomatic individual who has an interpretable resting ECG, a high coronary artery disease (CAD) pre-test likelihood, and an intermediate to high CV risk. Additionally, ultrasound screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm may be performed in asymptomatic men 60-80 years old.